The Impact of Cause-Related Marketing on Consumer Choices Research Paper

The Impact of Cause-Related Marketing on Consumer Choices - Research Paper Example This exploration will start with the meaning of Cause Related Marketing. A working meaning of CRM is acquired from Varadarajan Menon. In such manner, Varadarajan and Menon characterize CRM as the way toward planning and actualizing advertising exercises that are portrayed by a proposal from the firm to contribute a particular add up to an assigned reason when clients take part in income giving trades that fulfill authoritative and singular destinations. In such manner, CRM is a type of business orientated magnanimity intended for â€Å"profit-propelled giving†. CRM is additionally portrayed by balanced relations between business associations/revenue driven associations and non-benefit association based on shared focal points. To this end, the business association tries to acquire an expansion in deals and the non-benefit association looks to get an expansion in subsidizing. In this manner CRM is both a â€Å"positioning† and â€Å"marketing tool† that purposefull y interfaces a business or a brad to â€Å"a applicable reason or issue† to assist the business and the social reason or its non-benefit advertiser. A business firms’ interest in CRM depends on the idea that buyers generally will pick a brand for both â€Å"expressive† and â€Å"practical reasons†. Thusly a business may pick CRM as a methods for elevating connection to mark by taking advantage of the social and ecological cognizance of shoppers to their items. When businesses’ brands are encountering a significant level of faithfulness to their items and brands, CRM can be utilized as â€Å"brand extensions†.... 60). In such manner, CRM is a type of business orientated magnanimity intended for â€Å"profit-roused giving† (Varadarajan and Menon, 1988, p. 58). CRM is additionally portrayed by balanced relations between business associations/revenue driven associations and non-benefit association based on shared focal points. To this end, the business association looks to acquire an expansion in deals and the non-benefit association tries to get an increment in financing (Kahle and Close, 2011). In this manner CRM is both a â€Å"positioning† and â€Å"marketing tool† that deliberately interfaces a business or a brad to â€Å"a important reason or issue† to assist the business and the social reason or its non-benefit advertiser (Pringle and Thompson, 1999, p. 3). A business firms’ interest in CRM depends on the idea that customers generally will pick a brand for both â€Å"expressive† and â€Å"practical reasons†(Linton, 2005, p. 604). In this wa y a business may pick CRM as a methods for elevating connection to mark by taking advantage of the social and natural cognizance of purchasers to their items. When businesses’ brands are encountering an elevated level of dedication to their items and brands, CRM can be utilized as â€Å"brand extensions† (David, 2000, p. 132). At last, the promoting methodology utilized in CRM is to draw in the consumer’s feelings with the outcome that the customer is left inclination that by buying a particular item, the person is assisting with advancing social products (Strahilevitz, 1999). From the point of view of the business association, there can be two explicit advantages. In the first place, in the long haul, CRM can give a preferred position in that it might improve the business’s

Silver Wedding By Vernon Scannell Essay Example

Silver Wedding By Vernon Scannell Paper A sonnet that I feel identifies with the subject of Marriage and Birth and Death is Silver Wedding by Vernon Scannell. This sonnet manages the subjects of marriage and passing. The sonnet is about Vernons sentiments in the consequence his Silver Wedding commemoration. He begins with a sensational, discouraging presentation. The gathering is over This is implied both actually and figuratively as it proposes his marriage is finished, likewise the dull, melancholic tone of the presentation underscores the passing of his marriage. A different line that proceeds with the dull discouraging topic is Outside a dark breeze laments The exemplification of the breeze additionally proposes passing since it resembles the breeze grieves for his marriage and furthermore the shading dark identifies with a burial service and represents demise. The presentation additionally has a snide tone since it should be a happy time of festivity however the artists words recommend that he is thinking about his marriage and feeling a feeling of disappointment. But I discover I have meager information on adolescents elated melody this further affirms the feeling of disappointment as it shows he feels that his childhood was brief or even lost through assuming on the liability of marriage excessively youthful. We will compose a custom paper test on Silver Wedding By Vernon Scannell explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Silver Wedding By Vernon Scannell explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Silver Wedding By Vernon Scannell explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The artists words in refrain 3 underline the possibility that his marriage coloring is likewise influencing his kids in a negative manner. David, my child, my cherished adversary propose that he is contending with his child for the love of his better half, the tone additionally recommends envy since his significant other gives more consideration to his child than him. Also, Julia, my tightening little girl this shows she is Laura McLean paddling up and separating herself from him, they are slowly getting less close and simply like him and his better half their relationship is coloring. I turn their wine to water. The tone of mockery is utilized here by and by in light of the fact that it inverts the notable expression water to wine. It shows that he believes he is making their happiness dull and ruining their lives and exacerbating the circumstance through his relationship with his significant other. Another tone received by the artist is a virus tone against his significant other. What's more, Helen, my accomplice of all these year, He utilizes the word accomplice to show that she is not, at this point thought about a darling. My sack of moans recommends she is a weight to him, and the similar sounding word usage and likeness in sound utilized in this sentence stresses the way that she gripes constantly yet she despite everything harms, I think she adores him still however harms in light of the fact that their adoration is blurring endlessly. With harmed, cow-like eyes. Another bit of proof that he no longer thinks of her as a sweetheart is there more likely than not been energy once this shows there is no genuine physical contact any longer, perhaps in view of a detachment or in light of the fact that they are opposing towards each other. Be that as it may, neither she nor I could bear to have its phantom come slinking from its dull and frowsy refuge. I think this is a significant sentence in the subject of death and marriage since it shows that none of them could stand any physical contact, and he looks at their adoration to a phantom, something spoiled, decaying, dead, covered and gone. I feel this unequivocally underscores how dead their marriage is on the grounds that he looks at it to a phantom, something that no longer exists, all things considered. In refrain 6 the artists word decision proposes that they are just still together in light of their marriage pledges, and due to nature. Also, we, to keep our pre-marriage ceremony warm, despite everything wage irregular fireside war this shows they keep their relationship intriguing with contentions, yet every one of their Laura McLean words resemble projectiles, however the contentions have become that customary they are numb to every others affronts. Numb with affront each yet endeavors to scratch the other crude. The essayists savage language paints an image in expressions of the solid verbal fight among him and his better half. Likewise the transformation of the word crude to war in the second and fourth lines this causes to notice the abnormality of the manner in which they prop their relationship up. In the last verse the journalists language affirms that he has never been glad in his marriage. Twenty five yeas weve now endure the word endure shows that it has been a battle, it has been something that he hasnt delighted in. Im not certain either why or how here the author appears to be astounded, he doesnt very comprehend why his marriage kept going so long in light of the fact that he feels it was dead some time before their silver wedding commemoration. At long last the last two lines the author utilized a handle on words with A wreath of squabbles set he utilizes the incongruity here to show a play on the shrub wreath given to victors. In a manner he is addressing himself here. Is there a victor? Will anyone win? The last line additionally shows cap the writer is getting more established and increasingly focused on, the relationship has negatively affected him truly, intellectually and inwardly. On my drained and thinning up top temple I feel that this sonnet of reflection is simply the essayist addressing on why he is propping something up that unmistakably kicked the bucket quite a while back.

Stress Management for Introverts

Stress Management for Introverts Stress Management Management Techniques Print Stress Management for Introverts By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 27, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Tony Anderson/Getty Images Introverts tend to be misunderstood in our society. They dont dislike people, and they dont just want to be left alone. They do, however, experience stress in certain situations that are experienced as exciting for many extroverts. While these differences arent absoluteâ€"they can range from barely noticeable to extreme, depending on where someone falls on the introvert-extrovert spectrumâ€"they are important to understand for introverts and extroverts alike. 1:34 8 Signs You're an Introvert 8 Signs You Might Be an Introvert Differences Between Extroverts and Introverts Extroverts tend to be confident, dominant, and have a high need for stimulation, whereas introverts are more understated, and need more down time.  This means that introverts may more often shy away from making plans with others  as they may not know in advance if they will have enough energy that day. They may also leave social events earlier and be less engaged while at an event; most introverts prefer to talk to one person or a small group rather than holding the attention of a crowd. Introverts often enjoy people as much as extroverts and are often very good friends to those they care about. However, they are drained by human interaction, while extroverts are energized by it.   Introverts may be less likely to instigate plans than their extroverted counterparts, and they may be more likely to cancel plans with others, even if they enjoy other people’s company.  They are more likely to thoroughly think things through before sharing their thoughts with others, where extroverts may process their thoughts and ideas aloud. They are often more affected by the moods of others, which can lead to “contagious” stress reactions. With all of this, introverts still love people, care deeply for their friends, and need connection as much as extroverts; they just may get more out of a quiet night in with a friend than a loud party with a big crowd. And that’s OK. Potential Pitfalls for Introverts Unfortunately for introverts, there is an observed tendency for them to report lower levels of happiness and life satisfaction.?? Researchers who study the “Big Five” personality traits have found that those higher in introversion versus extroversion may have to work harder at stress management and happiness in general, where it may come more naturally to extroverts. Why This Matters Because introverts and extroverts may experience life somewhat differently (and our society tends to be more geared toward extroverts), introverts can benefit from some stress management strategies geared specifically to their more quiet nature. If you are an introvert (or if you love one), it’s important to understand some of the needs and traits that come with a more introverted nature.  In fact, those higher in extroversion tend to be less stressed as parents.?? This could be because  extroverts  are more energized than drained by the group activity that comes with parenting, or it could be due to other factors. Either way, less stressed parents may raise less stressed children, so it is important for introverts to find effective ways to manage stress. What Can Be Done? There are many  strategies that can help introverts to  manage the stress that comes with living in a way that works best for them. The following sections can help introverts counteract some of the sensitivities that come with being introverted, such as a decreased tendency to seek out human interaction, even though strong social support is associated with higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction. Finally, read the following sections to the end to learn some of the advantages of being an introvertâ€"there are several! Tips Specific to  Introverts Introverts can practice every stress management technique that extroverts practice, of course, but certain techniques may be more appealing to introverts. Other techniques are more suited to introverts. Finally, some strategies are important to counteract a natural tendency to miss out on some of the activities that may benefit you, that may come naturally to extroverts. Here are some ideas to consider. Practice Meditation.  Meditation can boost your resilience toward stress when practiced long-term and can help you to feel more relaxed in the short-term as well. There are many ways to practice meditation, but overall, it is a quiet practice. This allows you to increase your ability to get centered when you feel thrown off by the stress of your environment, or of the people around you.  Get Into Journaling.  Writing in a journal is a great way to process your emotions or train your mind to focus on the positive. Journaling brings several health and stress management benefits that are proven by research. Maintaining an emotion-processing journal, a coincidence journal, or a gratitude journal are just a few ways to use writing as a way to process, to take whats in your mind and get it out. Journaling can bring great stress relief for just about anyone, but its particularly suited to introverts.Examine Your Thoughts. Negative thoughts can increase your experience of stress. Extroverts tend to be more positive in their thinking, but positive thought patterns can be developed. Here are some stress-reducing ways to change your self-talk and build your resilience to toward stress.Actively Cultivate Good Moods. Research has found that positive affectâ€"the experience of being in a good moodâ€"is related to happiness as well as resiliency. Unfortunately, introverts tend to experience less positive effects in their daily lives, but this too can be changed. Learn more about how your levels of positive affect can influence your experience of stress, and find ways to cultivate positive effect in your daily life.?? Its easier than you may think, once you actively focus on it.Organize Your Space.  Introverts love having a space of their own, a place to go and recharge.  If your space is chaotic, this becomes more difficult. While cleaning may not be the most enjoyable activity you can engage in, maintaining a happy place for yourself can be great for stress management, so it is entirely worth it to think of cleaning as a stress reliever and maintain a peaceful space of your own.  Express Your Gratitude.  While extroverts may automatically express their thanks to those they care about (and even those they may just meet casually), introverts may find these expressions come less naturally. Expressing gratitude for the people in your lifeâ€"to  the people in your lifeâ€"can bring benefits of increasing your life satisfaction and strengthening your relationship satisfaction. (People love feeling appreciated, and this can build a tendency for others to express their appreciation for you, too.)  So let people know when you appreciate them, and why. You can also maintain a gratitude journal to expand your tendency to notice these things.Develop Optimism. Extroverts have been found to be more often optimistic and tend to appraise challenges more positively. This provides an advantage. Those who look at lifes difficulties as a challenge instead of a threat tend to be less stressed and more proactive in dealing with them. Those who are realistically optimistic tend to be more successful as well. Fortunately, optimism can be developed, to an extent. If you are an introvert, you can give yourself an advantage in stress management and in life by actively building your tendency toward optimism.Know Your Limits and Respect Them.  Many introverts feel the need to keep up with their extroverted friends in an attempt to appear more friendly. If you can push yourself to be more extroverted than you naturally would be, this isnt a bad thingâ€"studies show that when introverts act extroverted, they experience an increase in feelings of happiness.?? However, its also important to know your limits and choose your activities so you dont push yourself too far. Its OK to recharge.Push Yourself to Be More Extroverted When It Works for You.  As mentioned, research shows that introverts are found to get a boost of positive mood when they act extroverted on pu rpose. This same research found that introverts underestimate the amount of positive emotion theyll experience when they do this.?? So once you are aware of your boundaries and limitations as far as how much social time you can handle before youre exhausted, its a great idea to push yourself a little extra to be more friendly with people. You may be surprised by how much you enjoy it!Practice Self-Compassion. Because the world sometimes seems set-up for extroverts, and often people will judge introverts unfairly, it is important what it means to be more of an introvert, and embrace your differences. We all have our strengths and weaknesses, and if you can explain to people that you love them but may have a greater need for down time, they may be more accepting of who you are as well. The most important thing to remember is that self-compassion is valuable. Being gentle with yourself as well as with others, and building compassion with practices like the loving-kindness meditation  c an really help. How Self-Compassion Makes You Happier The Good News Introverts are less prone to hide negative emotionsâ€"and are less stressed because of it.  One study examined 404 Israeli participants and their patterns of faking and hiding their emotions.?? This study examined the effects of hiding negative emotions and faking positive ones, noting the effects on both relationship satisfaction and physical health. Introverts were less likely to hide negative emotions in their relationships and less likely to suffer as a result.   Extroverts were both more likely to hide negative emotions in their relationships, and more likely to experience lower relationship satisfaction and negative effects on their health, and this effect was more pronounced than the consequences for faking positive emotions.   In fact, faking positive emotions did not bring the same negative consequences at all, demonstrating that the “fake it until you make it” approach to happiness in relationships may be a better approach.  This in itself is important to know, but it’s also nice for introverts to know that their natural tendency to talk things out brings health benefits and a more satisfying relationship in the long run.   There are many other benefits to introversion, so in focusing on your strengths instead of your weaknesses, and balancing things out with the right stress management techniques, introverts can be quiet, resilient, and very happy. Where Do You Fit on the Dimensions of Introversion and Shyness Scale?

My Thoughts On Writing And Writing - 927 Words

Just like the writing I am forcing from my thoughts right now, writing in general is a difficult process for me to transfer from my mind to paper. I have found that when I write I tend to be very repetitive by saying the same thing in a different way over and over. I believe that my repetition is derived from trying to be too complex in the development of how I write. Some additional problems I come across in developing my rhetoric are concentrating; as my focus can be easily drawn away from the current topic at hand. I believe that it may be a short intention span or maybe even lack of understanding toward a certain topic such as the current one about writing developments. I struggle with my ability to form complete thoughts without jumping topics or merging each thought into one another. In retrospect to the problems I have come to face with my writing I do have many things I enjoy about writing. Writing to me is a way to be descriptive and creative with my own thoughts depending u pon the style of course, but for the most part it is intriguing because everything that I will do in life will require me to have some set of writing skills. With the following in mind my essay writing process is developed from these aspects. My writing process will start by forming ideas in my head. Usually I don’t like to write these ideas and thoughts down because I don’t feel they are very developed therefore not worth the time it would take to plan them out on paper. This is especially trueShow MoreRelatedMy Thoughts On Reading And Writing Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagescrowded classroom of a high school that I have never been to, I gathered my thoughts to write my essay for the SAT. When I finished my essay, I sat there staring at the ceiling waiting for the instructor to tell everyone to finish their last sentence. While spending some time alone with my own thoughts, I wondered if I had finished too fast. I looked around the classroom and saw that a majority of my peers were still writing their papers. After seeing that everyone was still working on their essaysRead MoreEssay My Thoughts on Writing4282 Words   |  18 PagesMy Thoughts on Writing The only thing I care about; the only thing I hope to get from this course, is some improvement in my ability to write what I think -- explain ideas and feelings to other people. I dont give a damn about anything else, and so far I havent been disappointed. At the beginning of the course I was informed that we were going to be discussing exposition, which isnt so much a kind of writing as a purpose or attitude behind it. This purpose is to explore, unfold, or developRead MoreI Am Not For Writing My Thoughts1749 Words   |  7 PagesI am not that good with words, so I tried writing my thoughts. It is a bit awkward writing like this. There are a few things I wanted to say. It has recently come to my attention that you may have some problems. You might pretend like you do not know what I am talking about, so let me lay it out specifically for you: your lack of motivation and your fixed mindset in some areas of your life are undermining your potential. Fortunately, there are some soluti ons that might work for you which I foundRead MoreAfter Writing My Professional Development Plan, I Thought1807 Words   |  8 PagesAfter writing my Professional Development Plan, I thought about a person who had knowledge of my desired position, but who also had experienced things in their life that would translate into their work ethics. After much thought, I turned to Dana Yorko. A family friend and a woman who has had experience in both the corporate world and life. Dana currently works as an General Manager for a company titled American Executive Centers. Our entire interview spent a total of three days, which consistedRead More How I Invented Writing Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pages Writing is, at its core, a technology. It allows us to take our thoughts and arrange them spatially in the physical world. Living in a culture where this practice is an every day occurrence, the physical nature of writing fluidly becomes part of our consciousness. This is what the class project exposed for me. Having to â€Å"invent† a writing technology forced me to see the importance of being able to easily put down my thoughts and work with them visually. At this very momentRead MoreWhere Is Your Writing?1118 Words   |  5 Pagesis Your Writing? A learner’s ability to communicate effectively through writing to his/her target audiences is a major prerequisite for academic success. It is also a major pillar of success in one’s career across all areas of practice. Even though, writing clearly is critical to one’s academic and career success, I have not always loved writing. In fact, for a long time I despised writing. At one point, I had a feeling that my writings skills were bound to remain stagnated throughout my life. HoweverRead MoreMy Writing For Academic Success1114 Words   |  5 Pageseffectively through writing to his/her target audiences is a major prerequisite for academic success. It is also a major pillar of success in one’s career across all areas of practice. Even though, writing clearly is critical to one’s academic and career success, I have not always loved writing. In fact, for a long time I despised writing. At one point, I had a feeling that my writings skills were bound to remain stagnated throughout my life. However, time has proven that I was wrong. My attitude and outlookRead MoreEssay on A Reflection Upon My Writing911 Words   |  4 Pagesthe key for how my thoughts are dictated on this blank white sheet.† After writing this in my in-class journal discussing my transition from five-paragraph writing to actual formation of thoughts without a specific format, I realized that this process was a larger undertaking than I originally thought. Through endless amounts of essay writing the personal academic improvements that have taken place this quarter are indescribable in comparison to any other academic feat made in my brief but fulfillingRead MoreMy Writing Of The Philippines949 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause you thought that everybody else in your class knew what to do? Well, I have had experiences where I felt so crazy whenever I heard my teachers saying that we had to write a story, journal, essay, or whatever kind of writings. My writin g experiences started when I was in the Philippines and have continued now that I am here in the United States. I have written different kinds of essays since I started my freshman year of high school here in the US, and I struggled a lot writing them, and IRead MoreWriting An Argumentative Essay - Writing801 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat deal to writing. Throughout my lifetime I have had to write numerous amounts of essays and papers for various subjects, all requiring different styles and techniques. Before engulfing myself into the writing process I would try and think of whom I am writing to and what I am writing about. I always just assumed I was writing for my audience, that being my teacher. Writing an argumentative research paper is something I had yet to accomplish in my college career. Not only was it thought provoking

Cell Phones Should Not Be Abused - 1862 Words

Today, All over america, more and more people are getting addicted to their cell phones. Around 40% of the population are considered â€Å"addicted† to their phones. 58% of men and 47% of women suffer from something called Nomophobia, This is when a person fears being without their phone. Nowadays there s people out there that cannot even live without a phone for one day, this is a really bad habit that people all over America are inhabiting. It s become so bad that 44% if peoplesaid they have become very anxious when the individual is without their phone for about a week. If this doesn t tell you that the use of cell phones is being abused, well around 91% of cell phone users have to take their phone to the restroom with them while using†¦show more content†¦Knowing that this zone actually exists, tells people that they are using their cell phones way too much. Soon these zones are going to be so common, just think back a few years ago when cigarette free zones were popping up everywhere.This happened because of the abuse in the nonwanted areas, and just think about how people are starting to encourage phone free zones now. This addiction is taking over many people in the world and technology is only growing and growing every single day. And therefore technology will always be used , but the scary thing is how much. The use of cellphones is taking over our lives , regardless the age, ethnicity, gender or career, right now the population of people who own a cell phone is around 56% , By the way it sounds, I don t think that percentage will stay stable for any time soon. People should in fact be worried of this addiction. A person with this addiction will start to forget how to live in the real world, This doesn t just go for people in america. People all over the world are drastically losing theirs skills in their everyday social life. Kids on the other hand are also getting affecting by this addiction. This addiction is able to take over kids at a very young age. Kids are now able to control all these new devices by themselves but this can also be very dangerous. All these Kids are the ones who are going to make up the world in the future. And Kids who have thier parents with this addiction is even worse because

Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Lls, Module Epf 135 Free Essays

Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Lifelong Learning sSector The Lifelong Learning UK (2007) standards, highlight the complexity of the role of the FE teacher as follows â€Å"teachers have a responsibility for ensuring high standards of teaching and learning, as well as contributing to curriculum development and to the development of their subject knowledge† http://dera. ioe. ac. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Lls, Module Epf 135 or any similar topic only for you Order Now uk 21/10/11 Identifying Needs A key role of the teacher is to identify the needs of all learners so effective learning can be developed. The teacher may conduct tutorials at the beginning the course, to review and record personal information, barriers to learning, academic and vocational achievements. The information can be used to develop a learner pro? le, ensuring lesson planning and learning materials are appropriate and increase the chance of successful teaching and learning. Learners may feel uncomfortable disclosing or discussing personal information, therefore it may be advantageous to issue an anonymous questionnaire to the class. All information must be handled in a professional manner and kept con? ential. Planning and Design Teachers could plan and design a learning schedule. Changes can be made to these plans throughout the teaching cycle using assessment and evaluation. Teachers need to ensure that learning outcomes, objectives and aims for the course are covered in an appropriate way e. g. order in which outcomes are planned, delivery strategies, length of time, resources and assessment methods. Courses may be planned with an aim to ensure learning outcomes are met in the time allocated, using appropriate resources and methods. Teachers’ need to be aware of the requirements issued by their awarding body and organisation. Delivery Delivery of a course should be appropriate for all learners using clear aims and objectives. Activities should be differentiated to accommodate different learning styles. Resources should be well prepared, with suf? cient copies that support the learning activities. Sessions should be divided using an introduction, main and a conclusion to help the lesson progress logically and consolidate learning. Teachers need to ensure they have the 1 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 knowledge and skills to deliver the course and be able to answer questions. Teachers should be smartly dressed and use a professional manner when teaching never using discriminatory, judgmental or offensive language. Teacher / student relationships should be based on mutual trust and respect with a responsibility to uphold safeguarding procedures, keeping learners safe, both physically and emotionally, within a safe learning environment. the process of safeguarding protects individuals who may be at risk from abuse or neglect, which could cause an impact on their education, health and development. safeguarding aims to ensure individuals are provided with a caring environment that is safe, promotes optimum life and learning chances†. (safeguardingchildren. org. uk (20/10/2011) Assess Methods of assessment should be planned, fair, reliable and linked to activity tasks. Learner achievement and progress can be mon itored throughout the learning process. Clear, concise and accurate feedback can be given to learners on their progress and achievement. Feedback should be given as quickly as possible, based on the quality of submission or performance, using positive and developmental comments. Information should be recorded in preparation for submission to the course awarding body. Teachers should avoid assessment tasks that do not link directly to the learning objectives, and ensure planned assessments are at the correct level for learners. Evaluate Evaluations should be conducted after each session, including strengths of the session, and areas for development and improvements. Learners could also be asked to re? ect on the sessions; this could be done verbally, through an evaluation form or by an evaluation activity. Conclusion The teaching/training cycle provides a cohesive structure within which roles, responsibilities and boundaries can be assessed and re? ected upon. The structure of the cycle is such that a successful teacher will multitask stages in a constantly evolving way. This ensures that teacher and students’ re? ctive growth of role, responsibilities and boundaries remains core to reaching a greater understanding of the aims and objectives relating to development with the course. 2 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 Bibliographic References lluk 2007. (2007). National Occupational Standards (NOS) for the role of learning support practitioner in the lifelong learning sector . Available: http://dera. ioe. ac. uk/2332/1/ lspnosdraft. pdf. Last accessed 21st Oct 2011. Ofstead. What is safeguarding. Available: http://safeguardingchildren. org. uk/. Last accessed 20th october 2011. Word Count: 650 3 Marie Appleby Module EPF 135 4 How to cite Roles and Responsibilities of a Teacher in the Lls, Module Epf 135, Papers

Title of the Paper Essays (1567 words) - Education, Education Reform

Title of the Paper (Critical Thinking Essay: Final Essay ) Submitted By ( Kadeejah Johnson, [emailprotected] ) Number and Name of Course (Introduction to Political Science - HistGov 130 ) Class Meeting Time/Day (T/T: 11:00 A.M. - 12:20 P .M.) Professor (Dr. Carmen Walker ) Semester (Spring 2017 ) Today's Date (Thursday May 2 , 2017 ) Bowie State University Department of History and Government Bowie, Maryland The most important social issue affecting the United States children and students in the year 2017 is education. The issues that are affecting Education are class sizes in urban area schools, the No Child Left Behind Act, student health and government funding. These issues have been major characteristics of failure in both students and teachers, because the students are not getting the attention they need due to classes being too big. The teachers are not able to teach the students the fundamental values, and important subjects that they need because of the no child left behind act, limiting teachers to teaching for standardized test. Both students and teachers are affected by the limited funding, and the student's health due to ineffective lunch programs. Most importantly these factors need a solution, these teachers and students need funding, they need the fundamental education that was once given to my generation prior to 2002. Education is the basis for all citizens to achieve in life, and to invest in their American Dream. To be educated is to be given the necessary values and materials needed to be modeled citizens. The classroom sizes are a major issue facing students in public schools. For example, public schools in Georgia faced a huge budget cut and caused schools to be closed (Background on Education.2016). The class sizes at a local elementary school had gone from 16 to 27. The most difficult task was teachers being able to compensate for all the new students that had entered the classroom. A more local and recent incident was in Fairfax County Virginia where faculty, are looking to propose increasing classroom sizes during significant budget cuts. The funding issue has caused schools along the East Coast to create an initiative to ensure that class sizes matter. There has been study's indicating that minorities appear to benefit from smaller classroom sizes the most. In cases, such as these, the government has two options in dealing with the full class sizes. Liberals and other party leaders should advocate for smaller class sizes, and or building more schools. Generally, this does imply opposition to funding private schools. The building of more schools is a huge budget situation, that most federal government can assist in is building more classrooms in schools that have unused space. The second issue facing Education is the "No Child Behind Act" which was set in place by President W Bush in 2002, to help assist students with national test. There are many reasons why this is a problem with education because it only allows teachers to educate their students based on the next State and or National test. Many teachers and parents see this as a detriment to public education environment (Koenig, Larry.2016). The Obama Administration worked on reform NCLB policies, however the focus of education on both National and State level continues to be on the testing process. The government has taken the fundamental importance of education away from both teachers and students, and have created competition among them. If the students do not perform well on the test, they are placed into this pool and are judge based on how they perform. For teachers, there is this quota that they must meet to receive funding for projects and programs (Jones, Maurice,2016). Student test scores are now being used by several states to evaluate teacher performance, which ultimately puts pressure on faculty to remediate those who do as well. The government can simply assistance by implementing a new bill in terms of riding the system of standardized test, and more so replacing it with what teachers across the country feel is appropriate. There also should be more involvement from the National Education Association in regards to assisting teachers with training and the tools they need to make and produce great students. Student

Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay Essay Example

Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay Essay Example Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay Essay Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay Essay Abstraction Approximately 60 per centum of kids populating in curative Foster attention, enter the system with a diagnosing of moderate to terrible mental wellness issues. These kids, placed in curative Foster places, can show riotous behaviours. Maladaptive get bying accomplishments on the portion of the kid or emphasis bring oning behaviours on the portion of the health professional can do a crises taking to possible remotion from the place. Solution focused brief therapy, could increase the quality of the relationship between surrogate parent and kid. Foster kids and parents can hold a disparity between the perceptual experience of a state of affairs and improper communicating of opposing positions may take to crisis. Exploitation tools and renters of solution focused brief therapy could diminish placement breaks. The intent of this article is to place common issues and challenges confronting surrogate parents and kids, and illustrations of intercessions utilizing solution based therapy. The strength-based intercessions, coupled with the current evidenced-based preparation, will diminish placement breaks, and increase the potency of successful passages from surrogate attention. The article will discourse current evidenced-based intercessions, and solution focused therapy as an extra curative attack. In this article, common issues and challenges confronting surrogate parents and kids are discussed ; and strengths and restrictions of implementing solution focused therapy techniques are explored. : Keywords: Curative Foster Care, Foster Parents, Foster Children, Solution Focused Brief Therapy, Training Foster Parents and Solution Focused Brief Therapy: An estimated 541,000 kids in America live in the Foster attention system today ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . Residential intervention installations, psychiatric group places, and foster/ affinity attention comprise most of these out of place arrangements. Curative Foster Care, ( TFC ) is an extra type of out of place arrangement and is a specialised service designed to function kids with particular demands ( Berika, 1999 ) . These particular demands range from emotional, cognitive, and physical/medical and can function as a measure down between a residential intervention centre and Foster attention ( Strijker, Oijen, A ; Dickscheit, 2010 ) . Each specific type of out of place arrangement offers differences in the ends and maps of Foster attention and curative Foster attention are legion. Maltreated kids are placed in surrogate attention chiefly to have protection, and stableness. If the kid exhibits the demand for mental wellness or substance maltreatment therapy, the service is provided outside of the place ( Farmer, Mustillo, Burns, A ; Holden, 2008 ) . Transitioning statement from fc 2 tfc ( on the other manus ) Therapeutic Foster attention combines the construction of a residential intervention installation with the attention and protection of the place environment. Fifty nine per centum of kids come ining curative Foster attention address serious degrees of emotional behavioural issues ; and need rehabilitation ( Hochstadt, Jaudes, Zimo, A ; Schacter, 1987 ) . Curative intercessions take topographic point within the place, with the end of incorporating freshly acquired interpersonal accomplishments into the place environment, which are necessary for future household reunion. Multiple grounds exist easing the demand to put a kid outside of the place for intervention. Bad household factors include poorness, divorce within the immediate household, ( Williams at all, 1990 ) , biological parental mental unwellness, witnessing domestic force, and anterior captivities within the immediate household ( Johnson, 1989 ) . The inability or involuntariness of the primary health professional to care for the kid is extra grounds for biological parental rights expiration ( Pecora, White, Jackson, A ; Wiggins, 2009 ) . Alternatively, the kid may hold been removed from the place due to pretermit or hapless parenting. Substance maltreatment by the biological parents, or even the immature individual themselves, are extra factors in the determination to take the kid from the biological place. Therefore, due to legion grounds, the young person may hold trouble acclimatizing to new life state of affairss. Children placed in curative Foster attention tend to exhibit hapless get bying accomplishments, low defeat tolerance, and projecting upsets such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Fiegelman A ; Harrington, 1993 ) . The behaviours that accompany such projecting upsets may do foster parents to see empathy weariness ( Lipscome, Moyers, A ; Farmer, 2004 ) . Empathy weariness is a prima cause for which a Foster parent decides to give up the Foster kid ( Parker, 2009 ) . This is known as a placement break or the kid s unscheduled remotion from the Foster place for good. Numerous publications study findings, that arrangement break has a damaging consequence on surrogate kids. The American Academy of Pediatrics reported placement break, Hinders the development and mending procedure of kids ( American Academy of paediatricss 2000 ) . Placement break jeopardizes the chance for kids to develop trusting and unafraid relationships with grownups ( Robertson, 1989 ) . The act of dividing a kid from biological households induces feelings of rejection, guilt, forsaking, and shame, ( Garland et al. , 2000, Simm at el 2000 ) regardless of the ground. Multiple arrangements before the age of 14 are associated with higher rates of delinquency in young persons . Recent surveies show a relationship between surrogate child arrangement break and the addition of surrogate attention alumnas homelessness, captivity, and victimization. ( Courtney, Dworsky, Lee, A ; Raap, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the Midwest Evaluation of Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, Far excessively many surrogate young person are non geting the life accomplishments or developing the interpersonal connexions they need if they are to go productive immature grownups ( Midwest Evaluation of Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, 2010 ) . Foster parents are to supply a safe and nurturing place, which will transfuse interpersonal communicating and effectual life accomplishments to youth. The constitution of the connexion between the surrogate parent and the surrogate kid demands is critical due to beliefs that Foster parents would profit from the usage of solution focused based curative techniques with the Foster kid as these techniques provide____________________________________ . Multiple preparation plans have attempted to integrate these accomplishments within the juvenile s day-to-day modus operandi ( Price, Chamberlain, Landsverk, Reid, Leve, A ; Laurent, 2008 ) . LIST PREVIOUS MODLES Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care is a strengths-based intercession advancing kid and adolescent resilience in young person exposed to early hardship . Application of MTFC within a intervention Foster attention place employs a point and degree privilege system. Multiple surveies show the effectivity of utilizing a reward degree plan ( Fisher Chamberlain A ; Leve 2009 ) . A 2nd intercession theoretical account, which is a modified version of the multidimensional intervention Foster attention intercession designed for younger kids is called maintaining surrogate parents trained and supported ( Price, Chamberlain, Landsverk A ; Reid, 2009 ) . Other theoretical accounts of deserving mentioning. When a kid faces the instability of arrangement break, they do non hold a consistent environment where they feel safe to maturate ; alternatively, they must re-adapt the new life state of affairs. We suggest following the renters and techniques of solution focused brief therapy in add-on to the aforesaid surrogate parent preparation will increase placement stableness. Training the Foster parents in solution focused therapy techniques we believe they will help the young person in going solution oriented. This new set of accomplishments taught to the kid, by the Foster parent has the possible to increase the surrogate kid s quality of life by diminishing placement breaks. Solution focused therapy lends itself good as an extra component preparation of surrogate parents. Through a inquiry and reply conversation, it enables the surrogate parent to see the position of a given state of affairs through the eyes of the kid. Solution focused brief therapy is strengths-based and future oriented, while still formalizing the individual s experience ( Littrell, 2006 ) . Major renters of this theory are ( a. ) alteration is changeless ( B. ) there is ever an exclusion to the job ( c. ) there are many ways of looking at a state of affairs, all every bit of import ( Bannink, 2006/2010 ) . It brings little successes to the kid or surrogate parents consciousness, and assists them in going solution oriented. This article will discourse several solutions focused based therapy techniques with illustrations of their application. Scaling inquiries, including what identifies and increase or diminish of one point and the application will be discussed. Coping inquiries, which illuminates the health professionals and surrogate kid s strengths, will be investigated. The usage of linguistic communication tool statements, such as You must hold had a ground to , will be explored. The designation of the kid s resources both internal and external will besides be examined with illustrations exemplifying the application. The execution of solution-focused therapy to increase Foster attention arrangement stableness has been used in residential curative intervention installations. In a recent survey it was found during the first twelvemonth of intervention, the young person were counseled utilizing the techniques of Cognitive behavioural therapy. In the 2nd twelvemonth they were counseled utilizing solution focused brief therapy. It was discovered, the figure of breaks from these young persons decreased from average bing 6.29 ( standard divergence bing 3.6 ) to intend peers 1.45 ( standard divergence.68 ) , P lt ; 001. Statistics show when used with displaced kids solution focused brief therapy has the possible to diminish behavioural breaks ( . It is our belief utilizing solution focused brief therapy techniques will increase interpersonal communicating accomplishments and problem-solving accomplishments of these young person. It is besides our belief that utilizing solution focused brief therapy tech niques in concurrence with proved developing plans will diminish placement break and in bend decrease the negative social effects of placement break. In this article, we will discourse assorted emotional wellness rehabilitation demands of surrogate kids referred to curative Foster attention. A concise geographic expedition of current evidence-based curative Foster parent preparation theoretical accounts foregrounding their strengths and failings will take topographic point. The nucleus renters of solution focused brief therapy will be explored with the purpose intent of placing specific intercessions for usage with this population. Furthermore, illustrations of the preferable intercession techniques of solution focused brief therapy will be provided. Finally, the strengths and restrictions of utilizing solution focused brief therapy with this population will be discussed with suggestions for farther research. I. Socioeconomic branchings of child ill-treatment. Neglecting the curative Foster attention populations has a enfeebling consequence on the economic system. Homelessness ( look into tense and safe assign ) In surveies focused on homelessness in maturity, arrangement in surrogate attention in childhood or adolescence often emerges as a hazard factor. { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } For illustration a survey conducted by the Casey Institute showed within a two twelvemonth period shows homelessness for surrogate alumnas exceeded 12. % , which is the rate for a individual episode of homelessness amid US grownups. One fifth of the striplings taking portion in the survey experienced chronic homelessness. { { 86 Anonymous ; } } Homelessness in adolescence and immature maturity has been shown to be associated with elevated hazards of a figure of negative results. { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } These services need to get down before, to be extended to all eligible kids in Foster attention, and to stay available until former Foster attention young person have attained stableness as immature grownups ( Kushel et al. , 2007 ; Pecora et al. , 2006 ) . Research findings indicate that services need to get down early when a household foremost arrives at a shelter or the kid first enters foster attention, peculiarly since early intercession for immature kids can cut down the magnitude of injury and subsequent jobs later in life { { 80 Dozier M Higley E Albus, K Nutter A. ( 2002 ) ; } } Housing instability was related to emotional and behavioural jobs, physical and sexual victimization, condemnable strong belief, and high school dropout. From this information Fowler concluded striplings transitioning from surrogate attention are at well higher hazard of homelessness { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } A.1 Maltreatment taking to out of place arrangement Sixty four per centum of instances involved in the kid public assistance system are due to parental disregard. Failure to go to to the kid s physical, emotional, or educational demands may do terrible, long term psychological challenges. Domestic force in the kid s presence ; familial substance usage that interferes with rearing abilities, Physical maltreatment ( 16 % ) , sexual maltreatment ( 9 % ) , and psychological ill-treatment ( 7 % ) are other grounds kids are reported to child public assistance. ( { { 72 Leve, L.D. 2009 ; } } B. Needs of Those in Therapeutic Foster Care Features of Those in Foster Care Social and Academic Health Children involved in the Foster attention system are at a higher hazard of low academic public presentation and school failure. Children confronting challenges, normally present with psychosocial jobs at a well increased rate than the general population. These scope from impulse control, to Attention shortage hyperactivity upset, to carry on upsets which maturate during immature grownup goon and beyond. Children who fail to develop successful equal dealingss during school entry are at increased hazard for behavior jobs, peer rejection, and academic failure throughout childhood and adolescence { { 91 Anonymous 2001 ; 24 Egelund, Tine 2009 ; } } emotional and behavioural jobs, exposure to physical and sexual maltreatment, adolescent gestation, captivity and high school dropout. { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } A preponderance of kids in the public assistance system have been identified as sing cognitive holds as evidenced by the Denver Developmental Screening Test II { { 91 Anonymous 2001 ; } } . This is the most widely used psychometric trial utilized for this immature population. Early behaviour jobs among kids placed in Foster attention have predicted delinquency, substance usage, and sexual behaviour 6 old ages subsequently { { 62 Linares, L.O. 2006 } } Medical and Physical wellness The gravitation and extent of the wellness attention jobs confronting abused and ignored kids are genuinely alarming.A Specified implicit in neurobiological systems are influenced by types of hardship witnessed by kids in the system addition hazard for negative results. These include common childhood diagnosing are at uncommon degrees such as ADHD, riotous behaviour, anxiousness, and affectional upsets. { { 72 Leve, L.D. 2009 } } Surveies observed increased displacements in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA Axis, a endocrine affected by hydrocortisone instabilities. This endocrine controls reactions to emphasis and has been discovered among kids sing emphasis in Foster attention. Increased untypical diurnal hydrocortisone degrees { { 74 Pears, K.C. 2008 ; } } are known to be higher particularly among immature female kids who have experienced biological health professional neglect { { 70 Fisher, P.A. 2007 ; } } . Similar to the HPA axis surveies, jobs with executive operation are more common in surrogate kids than in the general population { { 74 Pears, K.C. 2008 ; } } . However curative intercessions designed for surrogate kids may positively impact the HPA axis activity as it has been noted diminishing emphasis decreases the degrees of hydrocortisone { { 70 Fisher, P.A. 2007 ; } } . ( More research needs done ) Fisher Suggests intercessions which decrease emphasis degrees of younger juveniles in out of place arrangements may bring forth increased outcomes on the societal cognitive degree and increase the operation of an neurobiological systems. { { 95 Fisher, P.A. 2008 ; } } { { 72 Leve, L.D. 2009 } } d. REHABILITATION NEEDS OF CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE: EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS Evidence-based intercessions were formed and assessed to oversee the psychological and physical public assistance of kids in Foster attention. Stress bring oning behaviour on the portion of the parent can do riotous behaviour in the Foster kid which leads to early expiration from the place. Maladaptive get bying accomplishments of the kid that have nt been rectified affect the kid s relationship with their health professional and over clip start to give negative intensions to authorization figures. Implementing the intercessions has shown a lessening in the demand for immaterial mental and physical wellness attention by increasing the chance of achieving placement stableness. Interventions must aim immature people while they are still in surrogate attention, before the age of 17 old ages, to guarantee connexion to services such as tuition aid, employment preparation, and wellness insurance. { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } Models MTFC The MTFC theoretical account acknowledges and identifies the affect of emotional adversities on the physical and psychological missing word of the Foster attention population. It originated in 1983 in response to an Oregon State petition for proposals from the juvenile justness system to develop community-based options to captivity for adolescent arrangements in residential/group attention. ( Leve,2009 ) This theoretical account gives an grounds based solution to beef up the self-pride of the surrogate kids and learn them resilience to better behavioural jobs. Additionally, consistent with research on resilience, the theoretical account now incorporates cardinal positive person and interpersonal relationships, adaptative neurobiological operation, and adaptative societal behaviour. ( Leve, 2009 ) How it works The MTFC intercession Teachs caregivers how to give positive mentoring, better parental accomplishments and the importance of consistence through preparation, supervising and the indorsement of a accomplishments manager. MTFC was selected by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention ( Elliott, 1998 ) as 1 of 10 evidence-based National Blueprints Programs ; was selected as 1 of 9 National Exemplary Safe, Disciplined, and Drug-Free Schools theoretical account plans ; was highlighted in 2 U.S. Surgeon General studies ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000a, 2000b ) ( Leve,2009 ) These studies recorded authorities nest eggs, showed betterment of behaviour in kid, and helped emphasize degree of health professional. State Public Policy group reported a $ 32,915 cost nest eggs in 2006 to taxpayers for each ( Leve,2009 ) In order for the intercession to be effectual, the Foster kid demands positive support, single and household therapy, along with societal accom plishments and academic mentoring. The squad The accomplishments manager is conditioned to concentrate on good accomplishments and actions instead than past behaviours or debatable state of affairss. The surrogate parents and plan supervisor work together to carefully supervise youth accommodation in the schoolroom. ( Leve,2009 ) Classroom observations and ratings allow the health professional to measure behavioural alterations without inordinate sums of external influences in a impersonal scene. These health professionals are taught to utilize the same inducements or point systems employed in the Foster place to supply positive feedback and brief, non-emotional effects for job behaviour. ( Leve,2009 ) The consistence from one environment to another eases the passage procedure for the Foster kid. Positive results, including the likeliness of accomplishing permanence ( this consequence is peculiarly marked for kids who have had multiple anterior Foster arrangement failures ) , kids s fond regard to health professionals, foster-p arent emphasis degrees, older kids s delinquency and antisocial behaviour, engagement in school and subsequent clip incarcerated. ( Fisher P.A. 2009 )

How to Write a Descriptive Paragraph

How to Write a Descriptive Paragraph A descriptive paragraph is a focused and detail-rich account of a specific topic. Paragraphs in this style often have a concrete focus- the sound of a waterfall, the stench of a skunks spray- but can also convey something abstract, such as an emotion or a memory. Some descriptive paragraphs do both. These paragraphs help readers  feel  and  sense  the details that the writer wants  to convey. To write a descriptive paragraph, you must study your topic closely, make a list of the details you observe, and organize  those details  into a logical  structure. Finding a Topic The first step in writing a strong descriptive paragraph is identifying your topic. If you received a specific assignment or already have a topic in mind, you can skip this step. If not, its time to start brainstorming. Personal belongings and familiar locations are useful  topics. Subjects that you care about and know well often make for rich, multilayered descriptions.  Another good choice is an object that at first glance doesnt seem to warrant much description, like a spatula or a pack of gum. These seemingly innocuous objects  take on entirely unexpected dimensions and meanings when captured in  a well-crafted descriptive paragraph. Before you finalize your choice, consider the goal of your descriptive paragraph. If youre writing description for descriptions sake, youre free to choose any topic you can think of, but many descriptive paragraphs are part of a larger project, such as a personal narrative or an application essay. Make  sure the topic of your descriptive paragraph aligns with the broader goal of the project. Examining and Exploring Your Topic After youve selected a topic, the real fun begins: studying the details. Spend time closely examining the subject of your paragraph. Study it from every possible angle, beginning with the five senses: What does the object look, sound, smell, taste, and feel like? What are your own memories of or associations with the object?   If your topic is larger than a single object- for example, a location or a memory- you should examine all of the sensations and experiences associated with the topic. Lets say your topic is your childhood fear of the dentist. The list of details might include your white-knuckled grip on the car door as your mother tried to drag you into the office, the gleaming white smile  of the dental assistant who never remembered your name, and the industrial buzz of the electric toothbrush.   Dont worry about writing full sentences or arranging the details into a logical paragraph structure during the prewriting phase. For now, simply write down every detail that comes to mind. Organizing Your Information After youve compiled a lengthy list of descriptive details, you can begin assembling those details into a paragraph.  First, consider  again the goal of your descriptive paragraph. The details you choose to  include in the paragraph, as  well  as  the details you choose to  exclude, signal to the reader how you feel about the  topic. What message, if any, do you want the description to convey?  Which details best convey that message? Reflect on these questions as you begin constructing the paragraph. Every descriptive paragraph will take a somewhat different form, but the following model is a straightforward way to get started:  Ã‚   A topic sentence  that identifies the topic and briefly explains its significanceSupporting sentences that describe the topic in specific, vivid ways,  using the details youve  listed during brainstormingA concluding sentence that circles back  to the topics  significance Arrange the details in an order that makes sense for your topic. (You could easily describe a room from back to front, but that same structure would be a confusing way to describe a tree.) If you get stuck, read model descriptive paragraphs for inspiration, and  dont be afraid to experiment with different arrangements. In your final draft,  the details should follow  a logical pattern, with each sentence connecting to the sentences that come before and after it. Showing, Not Telling Remember to  show,  rather than  tell, even in your topic and concluding sentences. A topic sentence that reads, I am describing my pen  because I love to write is  obvious telling (the fact that youre describing your pen should be self-evident from the paragraph itself)  and unconvincing (the reader cannot  feel  or  sense  the strength of your love of writing). Avoid tell statements by keeping your list of details handy at all times. Heres an example of a topic sentence that  shows  the subjects significance through the use of detail:  My ballpoint pen is my secret writing partner: the baby-soft tip glides effortlessly across the page, somehow seeming to pull my thoughts down from my brain and out through my fingertips. Edit and  Proofread Your Paragraph The writing process isnt over until your paragraph has been edited and proofread. Invite  a friend or teacher to read your paragraph and provide feedback. Assess whether the paragraph clearly conveys the message you intended to express. Read your paragraph aloud to check for awkward phrasing or cumbersome sentences. Finally, consult a proofreading checklist to confirm that your paragraph is free of minor errors.

Patricia Benners Nursing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Patricia Benners Nursing Theory - Essay Example This is an excellent perception in the field of nursing and draws on concepts from Nightingale as well which make it even more powerful. The main points of this research with regard to this theory will emphasize that patients deserve the best quality of care that can be given and nurses can only do this by drawing upon the knowledge and experiences that they have gained through clinical areas and on into areas of more pronounced nursing care from their past as well. All of these experiences help the nurse become better attuned to her nursing duties and more prepared to know what to do in times of great stress also. As the conclusion will point out, sharing this knowledge with other nurses and medical professionals is what strengthens the nursing care that patients are meant to receive. It helps the knowledge and acquired skills to grow, moving certain forms of nursing over from novice care givers to care givers who are full of excellence and continue to grow in order to provide even more improved supportive services to those who need it the most. Patricia Benner states "Knowledge development in a practice discipline consists of extending practical knowledge (know-how) through theory based scientific investigations and through the charting of the existent know how developed through clinical experience i... Benner's theory expects nursing to gradually improve the care we provide through academics and experience. She also believes that nursing only benefits if that knowledge learned is shared. Processes can only be improved with the knowledge of what is wrong. Clinicians and leaders should develop programs in their facility to allow for discussion of patient observation, mistakes and mishap to enhance the clinical judgment of the entire nursing staff. Following a strategic theorization such as Benner's emphasizes the power to minimize medical mistakes and errors resulting from misguided care, especially due to the fact that much of the knowledge is shared among the medical practicing team (American Nurses Association 2000). Such accidents are errors that could be avoided, which are considered to be sentinel events that stem from an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk thereof due to lack of knowledge, experience, or even shared knowledge among the nursing staff (Ballard 2002). Benner's theory defines that the top recommendation for nursing leaders is to come to the forefront and recognize errors and near misses as learning tools to prevent future errors. The basic premise is that nurses do not go to work to harm patients, but the processes that are in place put everyone at a greater risk. This shows that this theory focuses heavily on patient safety and the concerns of the patient; as well it should since there are so many errors that take place in the medical environment in current day (Institute of Medicine 2000). For instance, in terms of lives lost, patient safety is as important an issue as worker safety. Every year, over 6,000 Americans di e from

The relationship between per capita gross domestic product and both Assignment

The relationship between per capita gross domestic product and both secondary school enrolment rate and bank rates - Assignment Example The paper tells that gross domestic product is the measure of a country’s total productivity level. It refers to the total cost of output in commodities. Elements of gross domestic product include ‘consumption, investment, government purchase, and net export’. Both consumption and net export of an economy are factors of the territory’s available economic resources and its level of disposable income. With high levels of disposable income, people are able to purchase into consumptions as well as invest into export dealings. Investments, on the other hand, refer to monetary value of resources that are used for production processes. Whether through private or public sector, investment rates and levels depend on the availability of resources and the capacity to acquire such resources through savings or borrowings. The last component of gross domestic product is government expenditure through central government, local governments, and governmental institutions in public utilities such as education. Per capita gross domestic product measures the net output per person. It therefore depends on a country’s population size and may have a different trend from the real gross domestic product. One of the fundamental contributors to economic growth is the availability of resources for injection into the economy. Since financial institutions are a source of monetary resource through provision of loans, they are of prime importance to economic growth. Provision of loans to investors and private consumers for instance has direct effects on consumption, investments, and net export... It refers to the total cost of output in commodities. Elements of gross domestic product include ‘consumption, investment, government purchase, and net export’ (Mankiw, 2008, p. 496). Both consumption and net export of an economy are factors of the territory’s available economic resources and its level of disposable income. With high levels of disposable income, people are able to purchase into consumptions as well as invest into export dealings. Investments, on the other hand, refer to monetary value of resources that are used for production processes. Whether through private or public sector, investment rates and levels depend on the availability of resources and the capacity to acquire such resources through savings or borrowings. The last component of gross domestic product is government expenditure through central government, local governments, and governmental institutions in public utilities such as education (Mankiw, 2011, p. 198). Per capita gross domesti c product measures the net output per person. It therefore depends on a country’s population size and may have a different trend from the real gross domestic product (Boyes and Melvin, 2007, p. 389, 390). One of the fundamental contributors to economic growth is the availability of resources for injection into the economy. Since financial institutions are a source of monetary resource through provision of loans, they are of prime importance to economic growth. Provision of loans to investors and private consumers for instance has direct effects on consumption, investments, and net export (Brooks, 2008, p. 502; Yartey et al, 2008, p. 22). Credit rates of banks, which is a factor to their lending capacity determines availability of loans to investors and consumers. Similarly, lower

Iraq War Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war waged on Iraq by the United States has been the cause of heated debate all over the world. Many people have opposed the United States attack on Iraq for many viable reasons. Some of these reasons include that it is not in the best interests for the reputation of the United States with the other nations of the global community, it poses an increased threat to United States homeland security, and it will result in many unjust crimes committed by the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Going to war with Iraq will negatively affect the reputation of the United States with other countries opposing the war. These countries include Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, and Pakistan, to name a few. In order to be a superpower, it entails that the country maintain amicable ties with nations in strategic areas in order to facilitate goodwill and cooperation. By going to war with Iraq, the United States has put a tremendous strain on amicable ties it once had with influential countries like France, Germany, and Egypt which is not good for public relation purposes or for maintaining superpower status. Also, going to war with Iraq has put a tremendous strain on the ties between the United States and many Muslim countries. The vast majority of the Muslim world is vehemently opposed to the war, thereby fueling anger towards the United States, viewing it as unjust and overstepping its bounds. This creates a dark image of the United Sta...

Regional Trends in Fdi

REGIONAL TRENDS IN FDI CHAPTER II Salient features of 2011 FDI trends by region include the following: †¢ Sub-Saharan Africa drew FDI not only to its natural resources, but also to its emerging consumer markets as the growth outlook remained positive. Political uncertainty in North Africa deterred investment in that region. †¢ FDI inflows reached new record levels in both East Asia and South-East Asia, while the latter is catching up with the former through higher FDI growth. FDI inflows to South Asia turned around as a result of higher inflows to India, the dominant FDI recipient in the region. †¢ Regional and global crises still weigh on FDI in West Asia, and prospects remain unclear. †¢ South America was the main driver of FDI growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. The pattern of investment by traditional investors – Europe and the United States – is changing, while there has been an advance in FDI from developing countries and Japan.A recent shift towards industrial policy in major countries may lead to investment flows to targeted industries. †¢ FDI flows to economies in transition recovered strongly. They are expected to grow further, partly because of the accession of the Russian Federation to the World Trade Organization (WTO). †¢ The search for energy and mineral resources resulted in cross-border megadeals in developed countries, but the eurozone crisis and a generally weak outlook still cloud investor sentiment. FDI inflows to the structurally weak, vulnerable and small economies were mixed. While FDI to landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) grew strongly, inflows to least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing States (SIDS) continued to fall. 38 World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies INTRODUCTION In 2011, FDI inflows increased in all major economic groups ? developed, developing and transition economies (table II. 1).Developing countries accounte d for 45 per cent of global FDI inflows in 2011. The increase was driven by East and SouthEast Asia and Latin America. East and South-East Asia still accounted for almost half of FDI in developing economies. Inflows to the transition economies of South-East Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia accounted for another 6 per cent of the global total. The rise in FDI outflows was driven mainly by the growth of FDI from developed countries.The growth in outflows from developing economies seen in the past several years appeared to lose some momentum in 2011 because of significant declines in flows from Latin America and the Caribbean and a slowdown in the growth of investments from developing Asia (excluding West Asia). FDI inflows to the structurally weak, vulnerable and small economies bounced back from $42. 2 billion in 2010 to $46. 7 billion in 2011, owing to the strong growth in FDI to LLDCs (table II. 1). However, the improvement in their share was hardly visible, as FDI inflows to both LDCs and SIDS continued to fall.Table II. 1. FDI flows, by region, 2009–2011 (Billions of dollars and per cent) Region World Developed economies Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies Structurally weak, vulnerable and small economiesa LDCs LLDCs SIDS Memorandum: percentage share in world FDI flows Developed economies Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies Structurally weak, vulnerable and small economiesa LDCs LLDCs SIDS 2009 1 197. 606. 2 519. 2 52. 6 206. 6 42. 4 66. 3 149. 4 72. 4 45. 2 18. 3 28. 0 4. 4 50. 6 43. 3 4. 4 17. 2 3. 5 5. 5 12. 5 6. 0 3. 8 1. 5 2. 3 0. 4 FDI inflows 2010 1 309. 0 618. 6 616. 7 43. 1 294. 1 31. 7 58. 2 187. 4 73. 8 42. 2 16. 9 28. 2 4. 2 47. 3 47. 1 3. 3 22. 5 2. 4 4. 4 14. 3 5. 6 3. 2 1. 3 2. 2 0. 3 2011 1 524. 4 747. 9 684. 4 42. 7 335. 5 38. 9 48. 7 217. 0 92. 2 46. 7 15. 0 34. 8 4. 1 49. 1 44. 9 2. 8 22. 0 2. 6 3. 2 14. 2 6. 0 3. 1 1. 0 2. 3 0. 3 2009 1 175. 1 857. 8 268. 5 3. 2 176. 6 16. 4 17. 9 54. 3 48. 8 5. 0 1. 1 4. 0 0. 3 73. 0 22. 0. 3 15. 0 1. 4 1. 5 4. 6 4. 2 0. 4 0. 1 0. 3 0. 0 FDI outflows 2010 1 451. 4 989. 6 400. 1 7. 0 243. 0 13. 6 16. 4 119. 9 61. 6 11. 5 3. 1 9. 3 0. 3 68. 2 27. 6 0. 5 16. 7 0. 9 1. 1 8. 3 4. 2 0. 8 0. 2 0. 6 0. 0 2011 1 694. 4 1 237. 5 383. 8 3. 5 239. 9 15. 2 25. 4 99. 7 73. 1 9. 2 3. 3 6. 5 0. 6 73. 0 22. 6 0. 2 14. 2 0. 9 1. 5 5. 9 4. 3 0. 5 0. 2 0. 4 0. 0 Source: UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database (www. unctad. org/fdistatistics). a Without double counting. CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 39 1. Africa A. REGIONAL TRENDS Fig. FID ows – Africa Figure A.FDI flows, top 5 host and home economies, 2010–2011 (Billions of dollars) (Host) Nigeria South Africa Ghana Angola Table A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 Range Above $3. 0 billion $2. 0 to $2. 9 billion Inflows Outflows Nigeria, South Africa .. and Ghana Congo, Algeria, Morocco, .. Mozambique, Zambia Sudan, Chad, Democratic $1. 0 to Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Angola, Zambia $1. 9 billion Tunisia, United Republic of Tanzania, Niger Madagascar, Namibia, Uganda, $0. 5 to Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Egypt, Algeria $0. billion Botswana, Liberia Zimbabwe, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Kenya, Senegal, $0. 1 to Mauritius, Ethiopia, Mali, Liberia, Morocco, Libya $0. 4 billion Seychelles, Benin, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Somalia Swaziland, Cape Verde, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mauritius, Malawi, Togo, Lesotho, Sierra Gabon, Sudan, Senegal, Niger, Tunisia, Togo, Leone, Mauritania, Gambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Cote d'Ivoire, Seychelles, Below Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea, Sao Ghana, Guinea, Swaziland, Mauritania, Burkina $0. billion Tome and Principe, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Benin, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Faso, Comoros, Burundi, Egypt, Sao Tome and Principe, Cape Verde, Namib ia, Angola Mozambique, Cameroon, South Africa, Nigeria a Economies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. (Home) Zambia Egypt Congo Algeria Algeria 2011 2010 Liberia 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 2011 2010 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 0. 0 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0 8. 0 9. 0 10. 0 Fig.B – Africa FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) West Africa Fig. C – Africa FDI out ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) 10 8 6 4 2 0 – 2 Central Africa Southern Africa East Africa North Africa 2005 2006 2007 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Central Africa Southern Africa North Africa East Africa West Africa 2008 2009 2010 2011 2005 3. 1 2006 2. 5 2007 2. 6 2008 3. 2 2009 4. 4 2010 3. 3 2011 2. 8 Share in world total – 4 0. 2 . 6 0. 4 0. 4 0. 3 0. 5 0. 2 Table B. Cross-border M&As by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Chemicals and chemical products Metals and metal products Electrical and electronic equipment Services Trade Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table C. Cross-border M&As by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Region/countryWorld Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies 4 812 – 22 – 22 4 393 15 810 441 – 181 – 10 674 37 8 072 6 722 1 838 1 931 3 199 – 246 1 048 365 499 10 922 – 10 653 – 84 51 Sales 2010 2011 8 072 2 516 2 516 303 263 5 32 -9 5 253 84 1 912 134 2 994 7 205 1 664 1 595 1 922 1 026 155 286 470 3 619 2 161 489 910 149 Purchases 2010 2011 3 309 – 28 – 28 404 2 – 15 2 933 – 49 2 547 436 Sales 2010 2011 205 4 308 2 528 1 408 649 – 278 2 865 408 1 679 318 464 -5 – 130 Purchases 2010 2011 3 309 1 371 1 240 45 86 1 550 365 257 38 965 – 75 388 4 812 4 265 1 987 41 2 236 547 408 – 78 217 – Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Coke, petroleum and nuclear fuel Metals and metal products Motor vehicles and other transport equipment Services Electricity, gas and water Construction Transport, storage and communications Business services Africa as destination Africa as investorsTable E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Partner region/economy World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies Africa as destination 88 918 20 237 20 237 39 506 1 888 23 235 2 093 2 568 29 175 5 432 7 630 6 381 5 429 2010 82 315 22 824 22 824 31 205 5 185 9 793 5 185 3 118 28 286 10 477 3 303 5 345 5 619 2011 6 662 1 246 1 246 7 506 175 5 684 429 99 7 910 899 2 627 1 274 2010 16 551 4 640 4 640 4 798 628 2 212 9 7 113 1 441 1 223 68 2 282 2011 88 918 48 554 32 095 5 507 473 10 479 37 752 12 226 9 929 4 890 9 897 809 2 612 2010 82 315 38 939 23 633 6 627 1 299 7 380 42 649 10 368 12 357 11 113 7 038 1 774 727 2011 Africa as investors 16 662 1 192 373 49 769 15 462 12 226 141 75 2 517 503 8 2010 16 551 487 182 259 45 16 064 10 368 400 980 150 1 167 – 2011 40 World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment PoliciesContinued fall in FDI inflows to Africa but some cause for optimism. FDI flows to Africa were at $42. 7 billion in 2011, marking a third successive year of decline, although the decline is marginal (figure B). Both cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) (tables B and C) and greenfield investments by foreign transna tional corporations (TNCs) (tables D and E) decreased. In terms of share in global FDI flows, the continent’s position diminished from 3. 3 per cent in 2010 to 2. 8 per cent in 2011 (figure B).FDI to Africa from developed countries fell sharply, leaving developing and transition economies to increase their share in inward FDI to the continent (in the case of greenfield investment projects, from 45 per cent in 2010 to 53 per cent in 2011; table E). However, this picture of an overall declining trend in FDI does not reflect the situation across all parts of the continent. The negative growth for the continent as a whole was driven in large part by reduced flows to North Africa caused by political unrest and by a small number of other exceptions to a generally more positive trend.Inflows to sub-Saharan Africa1 recovered from $29. 5 billion in 2010 to $36. 9 billion in 2011, a level comparable with the peak in 2008 ($37. 3 billion). North Africa has traditionally been the recipie nt of about one third of inward FDI to the continent. Inflows in 2011 halved, to $7. 69 billion, and those to the two major recipient countries, Egypt and Libya, were negligible. Outward FDI from North Africa also fell sharply in 2011 to $1. 75 billion, compared with $4. 85 billion in 2010. These figures are in stark contrast with the peak of 2008 when the outward FDI of North African ountries reached $8. 75 billion. Flows to West Africa were destined primarily for Ghana and Nigeria, which together accounted for some three quarters of the subregion’s inflows. Guinea emerged with one of the strongest gains in FDI growth in 2011, a trend that is likely to continue in the next few years in view of the $6 billion that State-owned China Power Investment Corporation plans to invest in bauxite and alumina projects. Overall, inward FDI flows to West Africa expanded by 36 per cent, to $16. 1 billion.The bulk of FDI in Central Africa goes to three commodity-rich countries: the primaril y oil-exporting Congo and Equatorial Guinea and the mineralexporting Democratic Republic of the Congo. Although inward FDI flows to Congo grew strongly in 2011, weak inflows to the Democratic Republic of the Congo affected the region as a whole and resulted in inward investment flows to Central Africa falling by 10. 2 per cent overall to $8. 53 billion. Inward FDI to Southern Africa, recovered from a 78 per cent decline in 2010, more than doubling its total to $6. 37 billion.This reversal was precipitated primarily by the sharp rebound of flows to South Africa, the region’s largest FDI recipient. Inflows to Angola, however, declined by over $2 billion. East Africa, with historically the lowest FDI inflows in sub-Saharan Africa, reversed the downward trend of 2009–2010 to reach $3. 96 billion, a level just 5 per cent below the peak of 2008. As most countries in this subregion have not been considered rich in natural resources, they have not traditionally attracted large investments into exportoriented production in the primary sector, except in agriculture.However, the discovery of gas fields is likely to change this pattern significantly. New oil- and gas-producing countries are emerging as major recipients of FDI. Oil production in subSaharan Africa has been dominated by the two principal producer countries, Angola and Nigeria. Nigeria was Africa’s largest recipient of FDI flows ($8. 92 billion) in 2011, accounting for over one fifth of all flows to the continent. In gross terms, Angola attracted FDI inflows worth $10. 5 billion, although in net terms, divestments and repatriated income left its inflows at -$5. 9 billion. Aside from these major oil-producing countries, investors are looking farther afield in search of oil and gas reserves. Ghana, in particular, benefited from FDI in the newly developed Jubilee oil field, where commercial production started in December 2010. Elsewhere, Tullow Oil (United Kingdom) announced its plan to inve st $2. 0 billion to establish an oil refinery in Uganda. Noble Energy (United States) also announced plans to invest $1. 6 billion to set up production wells and a processing platform in Equatorial Guinea.Inward FDI flows to Uganda and Equatorial Guinea were $792 million and $737 million respectively in 2011, but announced greenfield projects show future investments of $6. 1 billion in Uganda and $4. 8 billion in Equatorial Guinea, indicating strong FDI growth in these countries. CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 41 If oil reserves off the Atlantic coast of Africa have drawn significant FDI to that region, natural gas reserves in East Africa, especially the offshore fields of Mozambique and the United Republic of Tanzania, hold equal promise. In 2011, inflows of FDI to Mozambique doubled from the previous year, to $2. 9 billion. New discoveries of large-scale gas reserves continue to be made in 2012. Development of gas fields and the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry will require huge upfront investments and presents considerable technological challenges. FDI is certain to play a large role in developing this industry in the region, as exemplified by the plans announced by Eni (Italy) to invest $50 billion to develop the gas fields recently discovered in Mozambique. Sectoral shift emerging, especially towards services. The limited volume of FDI to Africa tends to make inflows vary widely from year to year.Nevertheless, viewed over a longer time period, a discernible sectoral shift is taking place in FDI to Africa. Data on greenfield projects by three-year periods show that, contrary to popular perceptions, the relative importance of the primary sector is declining, although the total value of projects is holding steady (figure II. 1). The data on projects in services in the period 2006–2008 are inflated by the announcements of no fewer than 13 construction projects worth more than $3 billion each, which take many years to complete. Still, a general a scendancy of the services sector is clear.Aside from the construction industry, projects are drawn into industries such as electric, gas and water distribution, and transport, storage and communications in the services sector and industries such as coke, petroleum products and nuclear fuel in the manufacturing sector. This shift is more about diversification of naturalresource-related activities than a decline of the extractive industry. Many of the projects in manufacturing and services are premised on the availability of natural resources or play a supporting role for the extractive industry.Such projects include a $15 billion project by Western Goldfields (Canada) to construct a coal-fired power station in Nigeria and an $8 billion project by Klesch & Company (United Kingdom) to build an oil refinery in Libya, both announced in 2008. Better prospects for 2012. The region’s prospects for FDI in 2012 are promising, as strong economic growth, ongoing economic reforms and high commodity prices have improved investor perceptions of the continent. Relatively high profitability of FDI in the continent is another factor.Data on the profitability of United States FDI (FDI income as a share of FDI stock) show a 20 per cent return in Africa in 2010, compared with 14 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean and 15 per cent in Asia (United States Department of Commerce, 2011: 51). In addition to traditional patterns of FDI to the extractive industries, the emergence of a middle class is fostering the growth of FDI in services such as banking, retail and telecommunications. UNCTAD’s forecast of FDI inflows also points to this pattern (figure I. 10).It is especially likely if investor confidence begins to return to North Africa and compensates for the recent declines in this region. Figure II. 1. Value of greenfield investments in Africa, by sector, 2003–2011 (Billions of dollars) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Services Manufacturing Prim ary 2003–2005 2006–2008 2009–2011 Source: UNCTAD, based on data from Financial Times Ltd, fDi Markets (www. fDimarkets. com). 42 World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies Fig. FID ows – Africa 2. East and South-East Asia Table A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 RangeAbove $50 billion $10 to $49 billion Inflows China, Hong Kong (China), Singapore Outflows Hong Kong (China), China Fig. FID ows – East and South-East Asia Figure A. FDI flows, top 5 host and home economies, 2010–2011 (Billions of dollars) (Host) (Home) China Hong Kong, China China Indonesia, Malaysia Singapore, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan Province of China, Thailand Indonesia, Viet Nam Hong Kong, China Singapore Viet Nam, Thailand, Mongolia, $1. 0 to $9. 9 Republic of Korea, Macao (China), billion Philippines, Brunei Darussalam $0. 1 to $0. 9 Cambodia, Myanmar, Lao People's billion Democratic Republic Below $0 . billion a Singapore Republic of Korea Malaysia 0 20 40 60 80 .. Mongolia, Macao (China), Cambodia, Brunei Darussalam, Philippines, Lao People's Democratic Republic Indonesia Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Timor-Leste, Taiwan Province of China Malaysia 0 20 40 60 80 2011 2010 100 120 140 2011 2010 100 120 Economies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. Fig. B – East & South-East Asia FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) Fig. C – East & South-East Asia FDI out ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) 240 200 160 120 80 40 South-East Asia East Asia 20 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 South-East Asia East Asia 2005 16. 3 2006 13. 4 2007 12. 0 2008 13. 2 2009 17. 2 2010 22. 5 2011 22. 0 Share in world total 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 7. 9 8. 1 7. 9 8. 4 15. 0 16. 7 14. 2 Table B. Cross-border M by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Min ing, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Chemicals and chemical products Electrical and electronic equipment Precision instruments Services Electricity, gas and water Trade Finance Business servicesTable C. Cross-border M by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Region/country World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies 26 417 – 427 – 607 11 423 2 383 1 796 864 78 15 421 796 194 952 5 642 Sales 2010 2011 32 715 5 214 4 780 10 253 3 078 1 159 3 279 806 17 248 2 280 1 704 6 484 4 365 67 609 18 844 18 932 6 994 3 714 2 396 – 331 3 41 771 1 345 1 912 33 111 – 483Purchases 2010 2011 67 966 19 301 19 695 12 609 961 6 596 1 794 684 36 056 3 855 1 752 31 215 – 1 273 26 417 7 439 1 288 673 3 229 2 249 18 087 257 18 870 1 201 – 2 320 79 à ¢â‚¬â€œ Sales 2010 2011 32 715 15 007 4 548 2 086 6 760 1 613 15 346 – 78 12 968 539 1 758 159 1 531 67 609 34 985 17 977 4 849 647 11 511 32 604 499 18 870 – 1 731 127 14 664 20 Purchases 2010 2011 67 966 45 773 13 906 12 369 1 084 18 414 21 814 1 679 12 968 – 2 417 253 9 311 379 Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industryTotal Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Chemicals and chemical products Metals and metal products Electrical and electronic equipment Motor vehicles and other transport equipment Services Construction Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) 2011 Partner region/economy World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbe an Transition economiesEast and South-East Asia as destination 213 770 3 658 3 647 129 489 16 410 14 856 34 930 28 559 80 623 4 601 13 226 15 900 13 471 2010 206 924 4 444 4 444 131 800 25 582 16 735 21 578 17 921 70 681 7 021 19 141 16 451 10 255 2011 East and South-East Asia as investors 143 094 4 262 4 262 104 303 7 980 16 028 26 528 10 523 34 530 5 030 5 943 4 777 4 200 2010 East and South-East Asia as destination 213 770 136 798 44 341 44 237 36 353 11 866 71 324 141 63 779 1 955 2 910 2 531 5 648 East and South-East 125 466 5 158 5 158 85 119 6 480 24 522 11 376 9 084 35 189 3 840 6 745 5 250 1 682 2010 06 924 133 339 57 936 33 515 30 198 11 690 72 353 400 56 138 10 973 3 965 675 1 232 2011 Asia as investors 143 094 32 559 5 567 8 093 362 18 537 105 283 9 929 63 779 18 556 2 541 9 556 5 253 2010 125 466 16 470 7 123 5 961 510 2 877 102 434 12 357 56 138 19 050 5 930 8 950 6 563 2011 CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 43 South-East Asia is catching up. Registering a 14 per cent increase, total FDI inflows to East and SouthEast Asia amounted to $336 billion in 2011 (figure B). The region accounted for 22 per cent of total global FDI flows, up from about 12 per cent before the global financial crisis.FDI inflows reached new records in both subregions, as well as in the major economies, such as China; Hong Kong, China; Singapore and Indonesia (figure A). South-East Asia continued to outperform East Asia in FDI growth. Inflows to the former reached $117 billion, up 26 per cent, compared with $219 billion, up 9 per cent, in the latter, narrowing the gap between the two subregions (figure B, annex table I. 1). Among the economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), four – Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore – saw a considerable rise in their FDI inflows.The performance of the relatively low-income countries, namely Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Myanmar was generally good as well, thoug h Viet Nam declined slightly. Although natural disaster in Thailand disrupted production by foreign affiliates in the country, particularly in the automobile and electronic industries, and exposed a weakness of the current supply-chain management systems, FDI inflows to the country remained at a high level of nearly $10 billion, only marginally lower than that of 2010.Overall, as East Asian countries, particularly China, have continued to experience rising wages and production costs, the relative competitiveness of ASEAN in manufacturing has been enhanced. Accordingly, some foreign affiliates in China’s coastal regions are relocating to South-East Asia,2 while others are moving their production facilities to inland China. The performance of East Asian economies showed a mixed picture. FDI flows to China reached a historically high level of $124 billion in 2011. The second largest recipient in the subregion, Hong Kong, China, saw its inflows increase to $83 billion (figure A), a historic high as well.By contrast, inflows to the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China declined to $4. 7 billion and -$2 billion, respectively. Japan gains ground as investor in the region. Partly as a result of the significant appreciation of the Japanese yen in 2011, TNCs from Japan have strengthened their efforts in investing abroad (section A. 7), particularly in low-cost production locations in South-East Asia. For instance, in 2011, attracted by low labour costs and good growth prospects, Japanese companies pledged to invest about $1. 8 billion in Viet Nam. In China, FDI from Japan rose from $4 billion (4 per cent of total inflows) in 2010 to $6 billion (9 per cent of total inflows) in 2011. In Mongolia, large projects in extractive industries, including the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine, are being implemented or negotiated, some with Japanese investors. In addition, negotiation of the Economic Partnership Agreement with Japan may bring in more FDI to Mongolia. Owing to the worsening sovereign debt crisis and related liquidity problems at home, TNCs from Europe have slowed their pace of expansion in East and South-East Asia since late 2011.In particular, some European banks have undertaken divestments from the region, selling their Asian operations to regional players, a trend which may continue this year with banks such as HSBC and Royal Bank of Scotland selling assets in Hong Kong, China; Thailand; and Malaysia. The actions of TNCs from the United States were mixed: some in industries such as home appliances have been relocating production facilities to their home countries,4 while others in industries such as automotives have continued to expand in Asia. 5 Greenfield investment dominates, but M are on the rise.Greenfield investment is the dominant mode of entry in East and South-East Asia, although the total amount of investment decreased slightly in 2011 to about $207 billion. In contrast, cross-border M sales in the region increased by about 2 4 per cent to $33 billion, driven by a surge in South-East Asia, where total M sales more than doubled, reaching $20 billion. Sales in East Asia dropped by one fourth, with a rise in M in China (up 77 per cent to $11 billion) cancelled out by a fall in those in Hong Kong, China (down 92 per cent to $1 billion).In manufacturing, the major industries in which greenfield investment took place were chemical products, electronics, automotive and metal and metal products in that order, while those most targeted for cross-border M were electronics and food and beverages. M sales also increased 44 World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies in services, contributing to a longer-term shift. In China, for example, FDI flows to services surpassed those to manufacturing for the first time as the result of a rise in flows to non-financial services and a slowdown of flows to manufacturing.FDI in finance is expected to grow as the country continues to open its fin ancial markets,6 and as foreign banks, including HSBC (United Kingdom) and Citigroup (United States), expand their presence through both M and organic growth. 7 Outward FDI: East Asia slows down while SouthEast Asia sets a new record. FDI outflows from East and South-East Asia as a whole remained more or less stable after the significant increase in 2010 (figure C). FDI outflows from East Asia dropped by 9 per cent to $180 billion, the first decline since 2005, while those from South-East Asia rose 36 per cent to $60 billion, a record high.FDI outflows from Hong Kong, China, the region’s financial centre and largest source of FDI, declined in 2011 by 14. 5 per cent to $82 billion, but increased in the last quarter of the year. FDI outflows from China dropped by 5. 4 per cent to $65 billion. In contrast, outflows from Singapore, the leading source of FDI in South-East Asia, registered a 19 per cent growth, reaching $25 billion. Outflows from Thailand and Indonesia surged, reac hing $11 billion and $8 billion. The boom was driven mainly by cross-border M in the case of Thailand and by greenfield investments in the case of Indonesia.Diverging patterns in overseas M. TNCs from East and South-East Asia continued to expand globally by actively acquiring overseas assets. Their M purchases worldwide amounted to $68 billion in 2011, marginally higher than the previous record set in 2010. Their cross-border M activities demonstrated diverging trends: total purchases in developed countries increased by 31 per cent to $46 billion, while those in developing countries declined by 33 per cent to $22 billion (table C).The rise in their M in developed countries as a whole was driven mainly by increases in Australia (up 20 per cent to $8 billion), Canada (up 99 per cent to $9 billion) and the United States (up 155 per cent to $12 billion), while the value of total purchases in Europe decreased by 8 per cent to $17 billion. The rise in M purchases in the developed world co rresponded to an increase in M in manufacturing, to $13 billion (table B). Greenfield investment by TNCs from East and South-East Asia dropped, in both number and value (tables D and E).The number of recorded greenfield projects undertaken by firms based in East and South-East Asia was about 1,200. The value of investments dropped by 12 per cent to about $125 billion. In manufacturing, East and South-East Asian TNCs in industries such as metals and metal products as well as food and beverages have been investing more frequently through greenfield investment. In services, companies from East Asia in particular continued to be active players in the M markets in both developed and developing countries. Short-term prospects: slowing growth.FDI growth in the region has slowed since late 2011 because of growing uncertainties in the global economy. FDI to manufacturing stagnated in China, but the country is increasingly attracting market-seeking FDI, especially in services. According to th e annual World Investment Prospects Survey (WIPS) undertaken by UNCTAD this year, China continues to be the most favoured destination of FDI inflows. FDI prospects in South-East Asia remain promising, as the rankings of ASEAN economies, such as Indonesia and Thailand, have risen markedly in the survey. CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 5 3. South Asia Table A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 Range Above $10 billion $1. 0 to $9. 9 billion $0. 1 to $0. 9 billion Below $0. 1 billion a Figure A. FDI flows, top 5 host and home economies, 2010–2011 Fig. FID ows – dollars) (Billions of South Asia (Host) India Iran, Islamic Republic of Pakistan India Iran, Islamic Republic of Pakistan Inflows India India Outflows (Home) Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, Bangladesh .. Sri Lanka, Maldives Islamic Republic of Iran Nepal, Afghanistan, Bhutan Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Bangladesh Sri LankaEconomies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. Sri Lanka 2011 2010 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Bangladesh 2011 2010 0 3 6 9 12 15 Fig. B – South Asia FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) 60 50 40 30 10 20 10 0 2005 1. 5 2006 1. 9 2007 1. 8 2008 3. 0 2009 3. 5 2010 2. 4 2011 2. 6 Share in world total 5 0 2005 0. 4 25 20 15 Fig. C – South Asia FDI in ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) 2006 1. 0 2007 0. 9 2008 1. 0 2009 1. 4 2010 0. 9 2011 0. 9 Table B. Cross-border M by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industryTotal Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Wood and wood products Chemicals and chemical products Non-metallic mineral products Motor vehicles and other transport equipment Services Electricity, gas and water Trade Finance Business services Table C. Cross-border M by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Region/country World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other d eveloped countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies Sales 2010 2011 569 18 18 5 960 4 194 3 4 – 409 53 275 – 602 12 875 8 997 8 997 1 940 435 85 152 977 1 937 310 341 701 291 26 682 5 240 5 240 2 499 174 393 – 14 18 943 95 29 5 745 424 Purchases 2010 2011 6 078 111 111 1 489 6 1 370 24 470 4 478 1 636 1 461 96 5 569 7 439 153 5 319 1 372 596 – 1 910 38 – 1 731 342 177 – 735 – Sales 2010 2011 12 875 14 870 12 450 1 576 986 – 142 – 2 017 217 – 2 417 46 133 3 – 26 682 7 836 971 3 343 3 522 18 823 10 922 1 201 342 898 5 460 24 Purchases 2010 2011 6 078 5 239 1 094 23 40 4 082 1 083 318 539 46 180 – 245 Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industryTotal Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Chemicals and chemical products Metals and metal prod ucts Machinery and equipment Motor vehicles and other transport equipment Services Construction Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) 2011 Partner region/economy World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies South Asia as destination 2 899 1 080 1 080 43 943 4 224 13 635 2 809 9 483 17 876 1 554 4 554 2 108 2 722 2010 68 019 47 649 4 567 19 223 3 157 11 466 20 369 2 640 3 675 2 552 5 879 2011 20 777 679 679 12 446 3 905 3 740 404 2 349 7 653 511 501 1 823 1 785 2010 South Asia as investors South Asia as destination 62 899 38 423 18 858 11 169 6 258 2 138 23 900 75 18 556 2 177 2 266 826 576 35 593 4 165 4 165 19 435 1 370 8 287 132 2 628 11 993 776 345 1 710 3 228 2010 68 019 41 532 16 008 14 024 8 366 3 135 26 097 980 19 050 1 910 4 093 64 389 2011 20 777 6 368 3 619 728 8 2 012 13 341 4 890 1 955 2 177 3 752 566 1 069 2010South Asia as investors 35 593 4 503 2 512 1 497 8 485 30 266 11 113 10 973 1 910 5 672 598 824 2011 46 World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies FDI inflows to South Asia have turned around. Inflows rose by 23 per cent to $39 billion in 2011 (2. 6 per cent of global FDI flows) after a slide in 2009–2010 (figure B). The recovery derived mainly from the inflows of $32 billion to India, the dominant FDI recipient in South Asia. Inflows to the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan, recipients of the second and third largest FDI flows, amounted to $4. 2 billion and $1. billion (figure A). Bangladesh has also emerged as an important recipient, with inflows increasing to a record high of $1. 1 billion. In 2011, about 145 cross-border M and 1,045 greenfield FDI projects by foreign TNCs were recorded in South Asia (annex table s I. 4 and I. 9). Cross-border M rose by about 131 per cent in value, and the total reached $13 billion (tables B and C), surpassing the previous record set in 2008. The significant increase was driven mainly by a number of large transactions in extractive industries undertaken by acquirers from the European Union (EU), as well as from developing Asia.By contrast, cross-border M sales in manufacturing declined by about two thirds, to a level below $2 billion (table B). Sales in services amounted to $2 billion as well but were still much below the annual amounts during 2006–2009. Within manufacturing, the automotive industry ($1 billion) was the main target of investors, while in services, finance ($700 million) was the main target. FDI outflows from South Asia picked up as well. In 2011, outflows from the region rose by 12 per cent to $15 billion, after a decline of three years. Outflows from India, the dominant source of FDI from the region, increased from $13. 2 billion in 2010 to $14. billion in 2011 (figure A). However, Indian TNCs became less active in acquiring overseas assets. The amount of total cross-border M purchases decreased significantly in all three sectors: from $5. 2 billion to $111 million in the primary sector, from $2. 5 billion to $1. 5 billion in manufacturing, and from $19. 0 billion to $4. 5 billion in services. The drop was compensated largely by a rise in overseas greenfield projects, particularly in extractive industries, metal and metal products, and business services (table D). Indian companies in information technology services have long been active players in global markets.In recent years, firms in service industries such as banking and food services have also become increasingly active in overseas markets, particularly in developed countries and especially in the United Kingdom. In early 2012, the State Bank of India started offering mortgages in the United Kingdom. India Hospitality Corp. acquired Adelie Food Holding, b ased in the United Kingdom, for $350 million, to capture growth opportunities in the Indian fast food market. Cautiously optimistic prospects. Countries in the region face various challenges, which need to be tackled in order to build an attractive investment climate for enhancing development.Recent developments have highlighted new opportunities (box II. 1). The growth of inflows so far appears likely to keep its momentum in 2012. As economic growth in India has slowed, however, concerns have arisen about short-term prospects for FDI inflows to South Asia. Whether countries in the region can overcome old challenges and grasp new opportunities to attract investment will depend to a large extent on Governments’ efforts to further open their economies and deepen regional economic integration.CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 47 Box II. 1. Attracting investment for development: old challenges and new opportunities for South Asia South Asian countries face different challenges in building a conducive business environment and an attractive investment climate, which are crucial for promoting economic development. These challenges include, for instance, stabilization in Afghanistan, security concerns in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan, and macroeconomic as well as political issues in India.Two issues stand out as major concerns: political risks and obstacles at the country level and weak integration processes at the regional level. At the country level, high political risks and obstacles have been an important factor deterring FDI inflows. Countries in the region rank high in the country risk guides of political-risk assessment services, and political restrictions on both FDI and business links between countries in the region have long existed. This has deterred FDI inflows and negatively affected the countries’ FDI performance. However, recent developments have highlighted new opportunities.For instance, the political relationship between Ind ia and Pakistan, the two major economies on the subcontinent, has been moving towards greater cooperation, with Pakistan granting India most-favoured-nation status in November 2011 and India recently announcing that it will allow FDI from Pakistan. In Afghanistan, some FDI has started to flow into extractive industries. At the regional level, progress in economic integration (with the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation as the key architect) has been slow, and the trade barriers between neighbouring countries in the region are among the highest in the world.South Asia is perhaps one of the least integrated developing regions: intraregional trade accounts for about 2 per cent of total gross domestic product (GDP), compared with more than 20 per cent in East Asia. In addition, investment issues have not yet been included in the regional integration process. As a result, the region has not been able to realize its potential for attracting FDI inflows, especially in promoti ng intraregional FDI flows. In 2011, intraregional greenfield investment accounted for merely 3 per cent of the regional total, compared with 27 per cent in East and South-East Asia.Nevertheless, high economic growth in major economies in the subregion has created a momentum for regional integration in recent years, and South Asian countries have increasingly realized that regional integration can help them improve the climate for investment and business. The inclusion of an investment agenda in the regional integration process and in particular the creation of a regional investment area can play an important role in this regard. Source: UNCTAD and UNESCAP. 48 World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies 4. West AsiaTable A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 Range Above $10 billion Inflows Saudi Arabia, Turkey .. Outflows Figure A. FDI flows, top 5 host and home economies, 2010–2011 Fig. FID ows – West Asia (Bil lions of dollars) (Host) (Home) Saudi Arabia Turkey United Arab Emirates Lebanon Kuwait $5. 0 to $9. 9 billion United Arab Emirates Kuwait, Qatar Qatar $1. 0 to $4. 9 billion Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates Lebanon, Bahrain, Oman, Iraq, Yemen, Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic, Palestinian TerritorySaudi Arabia Turkey United Arab Emirates 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Below $1. 0 billion a Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Yemen Iraq 0 5 10 15 20 2011 2010 25 2011 2010 7 8 9 10 Economies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. Fig. B – West Asia FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) Fig. C – West Asia FDI out ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2005 4. 5 2006 4. 6 2007 4. 0 2008 5. 1 2009 5. 5 2010 4. 4 2011 3. 2 Share in world total Other West Asia Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Turkey 0 40 30 20 1 0 0 2005 1. 4 2006 1. 6 2007 1. 5 2008 1. 9 2009 1. 5 Other West Asia Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Turkey 2010 1. 1 2011 1. 5 Table B. Cross-border M by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Wood and wood products Chemicals and chemical products Metals and metal products Machinery and equipment Services Electricity, gas and water Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table C. Cross-border M by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Region/countryWorld Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies Sales 2010 2011 4 887 170 170 2 416 10 19 410 2 301 – 59 100 1 611 172 9 713 2 730 2 682 665 37 180 174 310 6 317 555 338 4 128 895 – 15 278 1 484 1 484 18 16 – 19 – 16 780 4 00 – 10 721 – 4 163 281 Purchases 2010 2011 6 136 37 37 780 – 89 -2 3 5 319 190 – 2 568 7 954 314 Sales 2010 2011 4 887 2 257 1 472 112 343 331 2 062 965 127 898 72 21 9 713 8 222 9 412 – 1 579 33 356 1 187 253 916 18 5 15 278 – 2 555 – 683 – 2 333 461 – 12 724 – 10 653 – 2 320 177 72 – Purchases 2010 2011 6 136 2 599 5 083 – 1 110 – 1 374 3 420 464 1 758 133 916 147 117 Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Coke, petroleum and nuclear fuel Chemicals and chemical products Metals and metal products Services Electricity, gas and water Construction Hotels and restaurants Business services Table E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) 2011 Partner region/economyWorld Developed economies European Un ion United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies West Asia as destination 60 011 1 631 1 631 23 395 1 443 1 165 8 977 3 155 34 985 6 004 11 231 5 431 3 976 2010 69 151 915 915 39 640 3 783 4 472 13 877 8 260 28 595 6 744 6 620 4 686 3 199 2011 West Asia as investors 37 190 7 538 1 110 2 122 1 771 737 29 652 570 13 630 2 921 4 805 2010 West Asia as destination 60 011 36 532 23 370 8 219 1 162 3 782 21 726 2 517 2 541 3 752 12 403 513 1 753 4 194 503 503 19 444 2 414 7 633 3 372 3 088 24 247 2 611 12 603 1 920 921 2010 69 151 38 990 14 911 18 121 2 896 3 062 29 466 150 5 930 5 672 17 535 178 695 2011 West Asia as investors 37 190 3 769 3 454 123 192 28 313 9 897 2 910 2 266 12 403 836 5 108 2010 44 194 9 687 7 481 1 937 269 33 371 7 038 3 965 4 093 17 535 699 1 135 2011 CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 49 Inflows to West Asia declined for a third year. They decreased by 16 per cent to $49 billion in 2011, affected by both the continuing political instability and the deterioration of global economic prospects in the second half of 2011.The level is the lowest since 2005 – when FDI flows stood at about $44 billion – and far below the record high of about $92 billion registered in 2008 (figure B). Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are still recovering from the suspension or cancellation of large-scale projects in previous years. They registered a drop of 35 per cent in FDI inflows, which brought their share in the region’s total from 69 per cent in 2010 to 53 per cent in 2011. Saudi Arabia – the region’s biggest recipient – saw a 42 per cent fall in 2011 to $16 billion, which largely explains the overall decline.FDI flows to Oman and Qatar also decreased – reaching negative values in the latter – but those to Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates rebounded from relative ly low values (figure A and annex table I. 1). Some of the big and expensive projects that had prospered in these countries during the precrisis period had to be suspended or cancelled when project finance dried up in the wake of the global financial crisis. After a period of calm and consolidation, projects started slowly coming back on line in 2010 but soon faced delays caused by the Arab uprising across the region during 2011, and by new uncertainties about global economic rospects. Some big projects with strong sponsors have managed to secure financing, sometimes with greater use of export credit agencies, in particular from Japan and the Republic of Korea, and highly liquid regional bank lenders. 8 As of October 2011, the cancelled or suspended construction projects in the Middle East and North African market were estimated at $1. 74 trillion, with $958 billion in the United Arab Emirates alone and $354 billion in Saudi Arabia. Construction was one of the most important areas f or investment to have emerged in the last oil boom, and the pace of its activity is among the key indicators of investment behaviour in housing, tourism, infrastructure, refineries, petrochemicals and real estate, where foreign investment prospered during the boom years. Strong recovery of FDI into Turkey. Turkey stood as an exception to regional trends, with inflows registering a 76 per cent increase to $16 billion (figure A), maintaining the country’s position as the region’s second largest FDI recipient and increasing its share in the region’s total from 16 to 33 per cent.The increase in inflows was mainly the result of a more than three-fold increase in crossborder M sales (annex table I. 3), with two big deals making up most of the total. 10 In addition, Turkey’s FDI promotion policy has been shifting towards a more sector-specific approach, aiming directly at high value added, high-tech and exportoriented projects. Investments in automotive and petr ochemical industries have been designated primary objectives by the Investment Support and Promotion Agency, and the mining sector will soon be added as well. 1 Political and social unrest has halted FDI to nonGCC Arab countries. Flows to this group of countries – which represented 14 per cent of the region’s total – declined by 26 per cent in 2011 to $7 billion. Spreading political and social unrest has halted FDI inflows in the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen. Flows to Lebanon were affected by the slowdown in the real estate sector – the most important recipient of FDI – as a consequence of adverse spillovers of both the global financial crisis and the regional unrest. Increased oil revenues helped boost FDI outflows.FDI outflows from West Asia rebounded by 54 per cent in 2011 after bottoming out at a five-year low in 2010 (figure C). The rise in oil prices since the end of 2010 made more funds available for outward FDI from the GCC countries. In addition to these countries – the region’s main outward-investing economies – Turkey registered a 68 per cent increase in outward FDI flows. This is reflected in the recovery of both cross-border M purchases and greenfield projects abroad by Turkish investors, with a strong shift of greenfield FDI projects from developed and transition economies to neighbouring developing regions and countries.FDI prospects are still negative for inward FDI to the region. UNCTAD projects that FDI inflows will continue declining in 2012, judging by preliminary data on cross-border M sales and greenfield investment for the first five months of 2012, as 50 World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies uncertainties at the global and regional levels are likely to cause foreign investors to remain cautious about their investment plans in the region. In the longer term, however, the concentration of oil wealth in the region and the strategic need to urt her reduce economic dependence on the oil and gas sectors through economic diversification will create additional business opportunities, and revive the region’s attractiveness for foreign investors (see box II. 2). Box II. 2. Economic diversification and FDI in the GCC countries Economic diversification has recently taken high political priority in West Asia, as the lack of job prospects for a rapidly growing, educated and young population was a key trigger of political unrest. The oil-rich countries saw in the surge of oil prices in the early 2000s an opportunity for change.In 2001, the six GCC members signed an economic agreement aiming to boost their diversification efforts by encouraging the private sector, including foreign investors, to play a more active role and implementing liberalization measures to this end. The new policy framework opened a wider range of activities to FDI. Together with new opportunities offered by the surge in oil revenues, this has increased a nnual inflows from a relatively modest $1 billion on average during 1990– 2000 to $28 billion during 2001–2011, eaching a record $60 billion in 2008, and targeting mainly services. Stock data from three countries show that in 2010, services accounted for 59 per cent of inward FDI, manufacturing for 27 per cent and the primary sector – mainly the oil and gas upstream industry where restrictions on FDI participation remain – for 14 per cent (box figure II. 2. 1). Services was also dominant in greenfield FDI projects, attracting 51 per cent of estimated investments during 2003–2011; 44 per cent targeted manufacturing and 5 per cent went to the primary sector. Box figure II. . 1. Accumulated inward FDI stock in Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, a by sector, 2010 Primary 14 % Business activities 19 % Chemicals 11 % Manufacturing Re ning 7 % Other 9 % Construction 14 % Finance 9% Services 59 % Transport, storage and communications 6% Trade 3% Electricity, ga s and water 3% Other services 3% Source: UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database (www. unctad. org/fdistatistics). a These three countries accounted for 69 per cent of GCC countries’ inward FDI stocks in 2010. Sectoral data for Bahrain, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates are not available.Active industrial policies have targeted FDI in specific activities, using oil revenues to establish projects and encouraging foreign investors to participate – for example, in petrochemicals and petroleum refining, and the building of economic zones and new cities. /†¦ CHAPTER II Regional Trends in FDI 51 Box II. 2. Economic diversification and FDI in the GCC countries (concluded) The soaring oil prices and increasing refining margins in the 2000s encouraged Gulf countries to establish refinery/ petrochemical complexes to produce products with higher value added.They also opened the door wider to international oil companies, as providers of technologies and market experience. Several projects have been built or are under way, through joint ventures or non-equity agreements with foreign TNCs. Several are hosted in Saudi Arabia, such as Petro Rabigh (with Sumitomo Chemical (Japan)), Al Jubail (with Total (France)), and Fujian (with ExxonMobil (United States) and Sinopec (China)), among others. Similar projects also took place in the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman.Building economic zones and cities has generally consisted of providing advanced information and communications technology, infrastructure and services to attract leading tenants to help establish new, globally competitive industries, especially service-based ones. More than 55 such cities or zones have been established or are under way, generally targeting knowledge-intensive industries. GCC countries clearly experienced higher growth in their non-oil sectors during the 2000s (IMF, 2011), and the shift in their FDI policy allowed foreign direct investors to participate.Progress in equal treatment of GCC-co untry citizens – in freedom of movement, work, residence, economic engagement, capital movement and real estate ownership – has spurred intra-GCC FDI, which has helped develop services activities. Despite this progress, hydrocarbons still dominate real GDP and export revenues, and the expansion of the non-oil sectors has not meant a decline in dependence on oil. a High growth rates in non-oil activities have created relatively few job opportunities for national workforce to assuage the high unemployment rates and reliance on government posts. This might indicate a mismatch between career aspirations and available opportunities, on the one hand, and between the skills required by the private sector and those available in the workforce, on the other. This introduces the risk of the consolidation of a dual system, where modern enclaves with expatriate management and workforces are disconnected from the skills of the national workforce which relies mostly on government job s. GCC countries face common challenges.The scale of diversification plans will require both private and public funding, as well as cooperation and coordination between public and private sectors, which will continue to provide investment opportunities for TNCs. Source: UNCTAD. a Oil revenues represented 60–88 per cent on average of government revenues during 2005–2009, and its share in export revenues was 76–95 per cent in 2008, except in the United Arab Emirates, where it was 43 per cent (Samba, 2010). b In 2008, national unemployment was estimated at close to 13 per cent in Saudi Arabia, 14 per cent in the United Arab Emirates and 15 per cent in both Bahrain and Oman.The majority of those employed worked in government; 88 per cent of nationals in Qatar, 86 per cent in Kuwait, 72 per cent in Saudi Arabia and 47 per cent in Oman. In 2007–2008, the share of migrants in total employment was estimated at 74 per cent in Bahrain, 77 per cent in Oman, 92 per c ent in Qatar and 87 per cent in Saudi Arabia (Baldwin-Edwards, 2011). 52 World Investment Report 2012: Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies 5. Latin America and the Caribbean Table A. Distribution of FDI flows among economies, by range,a 2011 Range Above $10 billion $5. 0 to $9. 9 billion $1. to $4. 9 billion Figure A. FDI flows, topFig. FID and home economies, 2010–2011 5 host ows – LAC (Billions of dollars) (Host) British Virgin Islands Chile Inflows Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Mexico, Chile, Colombia Peru, Cayman Islands, Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Outflows British Virgin Islands, Chile Mexico, Colombia Brazil British Virgin Islands Mexico (Home) Panama, Dominican Republic, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Panama, Argentina Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua Plurinational State of Bolivia, Trinidad, Tobago, Ecuador, Aruba, El Salvador, $0. to Bahamas, Bolivarian Republic of Barbados, Paraguay, Jamaica, Haiti, $0. 9 billion Ve nezuela, Peru Guyana, Saint Kitts, Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Cuba Jamaica, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Turks and Caicos Islands, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Curacao, Saint Lucia, Curacao, Antigua Less than Turks and Caicos Islands, Aruba, and Barbuda, Grenada, Dominica, $0. 1 billion Belize, Sint Maarten, Honduras, Anguilla, Montserrat, Sint Maarten, Suriname, Uruguay, Dominican Suriname Republic, Barbados, Brazil a Economies are listed according to the magnitude of their FDI flows. Mexico Chile Colombia Cayman Islands 70 0 10 20 30 40Colombia 0 10 20 30 40 2011 2010 50 60 2011 2010 50 60 70 Fig. B – LAC FDI in ows Figure B. FDI inflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. C – LAC FDI out ows Figure C. FDI outflows, 2005–2011 (Billions of dollars) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2005 Share in world total 5. 0 2006 5. 6 2007 3. 6 2008 4. 9 2009 4. 6 2010 8. 3 2011 5. 9 Caribbean Central America South America Carib bean Central America South America 2005 8. 0 2006 6. 7 2007 8. 7 2008 11. 7 2009 12. 5 2010 14. 3 2011 14. 2 Table B. Cross-border M by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industryTotal Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Textiles, clothing and leather Wood and wood products Electrical and electronic equipment Services Construction Transport, storage and communications Business services Community, social and personal service activities Table C. Cross-border M by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Region/country World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies 8 414 12 376 11 898 7 398 5 878 50 84 1 742 8 640 18 2 409 2 438 217 Sales 2010 2011 20 689 6 409 6 249 2 766 7 638 119 216 683 11 514 1 417 3 523 1 415 2 565 15 831 2 077 1 981 4 700 2 825 – 598 69 9 055 49 263 1 070 1 220 Purchases 2010 2011 18 659 – 650 – 745 6 035 2 213 425 122 16 13 274 826 6 123 – 272 4 28 414 2 744 – 285 – 395 4 907 – 1 483 24 741 – 75 14 664 5 460 4 692 -3 Sales 2010 2011 20 689 908 – 12 191 – 3 497 10 946 5 649 17 585 9 311 180 147 7 983 2 119 15 831 12 036 2 905 4 719 125 4 287 3 951 – 84 79 – 735 4 692 – 156 Purchases 2010 2011 8 659 9 173 1 752 5 402 2 019 8 157 -5 159 3 18 7 983 1 329 Table D. Greenfield FDI projects by industry, 2010–2011 (Millions of dollars) Sector/industry Total Primary Mining, quarrying and petroleum Manufacturing Food, beverages and tobacco Rubber and plastic products Metals and metal products Motor vehicles and other transport equipment Services Electricity, gas and water Transport, storage and communications Finance Business services Table E. Greenfield FDI projects by region/country, 2010–2011 (Millio ns of dollars) 20 655 2 300 2 300 7 674 1 197 170 1 769 250 10 681 156 3 678 1 290 5 117LAC as destination 120 113 17 234 17 234 68 900 6 258 4 541 20 242 14 774 33 979 9 518 9 916 2 892 7 291 2010 138 680 21 481 21 446 59 166 10 632 3 424 15 233 15 977 58 034 11 989 20 643 2 786 20 557 2011 LAC as investors 21 754 7 429 7 418 8 373 2 038 3 050 678 360 5 952 1 688 1 424 1 392 410 2010 2011 Partner region/economy World Developed economies European Union United States Japan Other developed countries Developing economies Africa East and South-East Asia South Asia West Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Transition economies LAC as destination 20 113 94 771 50 871 21 217 6 585 16 098 23 324 503 9 556 566 836 11 864 2 018 2010 138 680 112 431 57 462 29 109 9 945 15 915 25 880 1 167 8 950 598 699 14 466 370 2011 LAC as investors 21 754 5 200 1 132 566 46 3 456 16 544 809 2 531 826 513 11 864 10 2010 20 655 3 499 1 319 2 038 93 49 17 156 1 774 675 64 178 14 466 – 2011 CHAPTER II Re gional Trends in FDI 53 South America is the main driver of FDI growth to the region. FDI flows to Latin America and the Caribbean increased by 16 per cent to a record $217 billion in 2011, driven mainly by increasing inflows to South America (up 34 per cent).Inflows to Central America and the Caribbean, excluding offshore financial centres, increased by 4 per cent, while those to the offshore financial centres registered a 4 per cent decrease. The high growth of FDI in South America was mainly due to its expanding consumer markets, high growth rates and natural-resource endowment. In 2011 Brazil remained by far the largest FDI target, with inflows increasing by 37 per cent to $67 billion – 55 per cent of the total in South America and 31 per cent of the total in the region.The size of Brazil’s domestic market explains its attractiveness, as does its strategic position in South America, which brings within easy reach other emerging and fast-growing markets, such as Arg entina, Chile, Colombia and Peru. Another important driver for FDI growth to South America has been the relatively high rate of return on investments in the region. Since 2003, South American countries have witnessed significant growth of income on FDI: from an annual average of $11 billion during 1994–2002, equivalent to 0. 84 per cent of the subregion’s GDP, to an annual average of $60 billion during 2003–2011, equivalent to 2. 4 per cent of GDP. In 2011, FDI income increased another 17 per cent, reaching $95 billion. 12 The rise in FDI income during the 2000s, in parallel with the increase in FDI stock (a nine-fold increase between 1994 and 2011) and share in GDP (from 11 to 28 per cent share in current GDP), was in part driven by increased investment in extractive industries, which have enjoyed high profitability and have attracted a significant part of FDI inflows since the commodity price boom. For example, in Chile this industry accounted for 43 per cent of